Flashcards - Endocrine

Question 1

Basophilic cell of pituitary

Answer 1

GH, PRL

Question 2

Acidophilic cell of pituitary

Answer 2

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

Question 3

Primary hyperparathyroid

Answer 3

increased PTH, serum Ca, urinary cAMP, alk phos, decreased serum phosphate

Question 4

Secondary hyperparathyroid

Answer 4

increased PTH, serum phosphate, decreased serum Ca

Question 5

Tertiary hyperparathryoid

Answer 5

greatly increased PTH, increased Ca

Question 6

PTH receptor

Answer 6

Gs –> increase in cAMP

Question 7

GLUT-1

Answer 7

RBC, brain, cornea

Question 8

GLUT-2

Answer 8

bi-directional, b-islet, liver, kidney, small intestine

Question 9

GLUT-3

Answer 9

brain

Question 10

GLUT-4

Answer 10

insulin dependent - adipose, striated muscle

Question 11

GLUT-5

Answer 11

fructose only - spermatocyte, GI tract

Question 12

SGLT-2

Answer 12

PCT of kidney

Question 13

insulin receptor

Answer 13

tyrosine kinase –> phosphoinositide-3 kinase (GLUT4) + RAS/MAP kinase (cell growth)

Question 14

MEN1

Answer 14

Pituitary, Pancreatic (gastrin), Parathyroid

Question 15

MEN2A

Answer 15

Parathyroid, Pheochromocytoma, Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Question 16

MEN2B

Answer 16

Pheochromocytoma, Medullary thyroid carcinoma, mucosal Neuromas

Question 17

Testosterone stimulation

Answer 17

LH

Question 18

FSH stimulates

Answer 18

inhibin B

Question 19

aldolase b deficiency

Answer 19

heriditary fructose intolerance - less serious

Question 20

Kallman syndrome

Answer 20

GnRH deficiency - anosmia, no puberty

Question 21

Zona Glomerulosa

Answer 21

Aldoesterone

Question 22

Zona Fasiculata

Answer 22

Cortisol/sex hormones

Question 23

Zona Reticularis

Answer 23

Sex hormones

Question 24

Adrenal Medulla/Chromaffin

Answer 24

preganglionic sympathetic - catecholamines

Question 25

Glucokinase

Answer 25

Liver - not inhibited by G6P - high Km/low affinity

Question 26

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

Answer 26

inability to fast more than 12-24 hours

Question 27

Glucagonoma

Answer 27

diabetes, anemia, necrolytic migratory erythema, DVT, depression

Question 28

classic galactosemia - enzyme

Answer 28

G-1-P-uridyltransferase deficiency

Question 29

galactokinase deficiency

Answer 29

galactilol accumulation, infantile cataracts

Question 30

Amiodarone side effect

Answer 30

40% iodine by weight, can cause thyroid dysfunction

Question 31

congo red amyloid with polygonal cells, spindle shaped cells with extracellular amyloid deposits

Answer 31

Medullary thyroid cancer

Question 32

oxyphilic cells with granular cytoplasm

Answer 32

Hurthle cells - Hashimotos

Question 33

malignant cells in amyloid stroma

Answer 33

Medullary thyroid cancer

Question 34

mixed, cellular infiltration with occasional multinucleate giant cells

Answer 34

de Quervain’s thyroiditis - postviral, decreased I+ uptake

Question 35

fixed hard/rock-like painless goiter

Answer 35

Riedel thyroiditis - hypothyroid, fibrous

Question 36

phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)

Answer 36

converts norepi to epi in adrenal medulla, stimulated by cortisol

Question 37

menopause test

Answer 37

FSH

Question 38

TBG levels

Answer 38

decreases in hepatic failure, steroids, increase with estrogen/pregnancy

Question 39

orphan annie eyes, overlapping nuclei with finely dispersed chromatin, intranuclear inclusions and grooves, psammoma bodies

Answer 39

papillary thyroid cancer

Question 40

hormones that increase cAMP

Answer 40

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH, MSH, PTH, calicitonin, GHRH, glucagon

Question 41

hormones that increase cGMP

Answer 41

ANP, BNP, NO

Question 42

IP3

Answer 42

GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH(V1), TRH, Histamine (H1), Angiotensin II, Gastrin

Question 43

intracellular receptor

Answer 43

Vitamin D, Estrogen, Testosterone, T3/T4, Cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone

Question 44

intrinsic tyrosine kinase

Answer 44

insulin, IGH-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF (MAP kinase)

Question 45

receptor tyrosine kinase

Answer 45

PRL, cytokines, GH, G-CSF, EPO, TPO (JAK/STAT)

Question 46

methimazole

Answer 46

peroxidase only

Question 47

PTU

Answer 47

peroxidase + 5’-deiodinase (peripheral conversion), used in pregnancy

Question 48

N-myc

Answer 48

neuroblastoma - opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, HVA/VMA in urine

Question 49

metyrapone

Answer 49

diagnose adrenal insufficiency, blocks 11b-hydroxylase from synthesizing cortisol, increasing ACTH, 11-deoxycortisol

Question 50

cinacalcet

Answer 50

for hypercalcemia due to hyperPTH - sensitizes Ca2 sensing receptor in parathyroid –> decreases PTH

Question 51

24hr insulin

Answer 51

glargine, detemir

Question 52

12hr insulin

Answer 52

NPH

Question 53

2-4hr insulin

Answer 53

regular insulin

Question 54

45-75min insulin

Answer 54

aspart, lispro, glulisine

Question 55

myxedema

Answer 55

severe hypothyroidism - accumulation of glycoaminoglycans

Question 56

b-islet cells insulin signaling

Answer 56

Glucose –> glycolysis –> ATP/ADP ration –> ATP sensitive K+ channels close –> depolarization –> voltage gated Ca2+ channels open –> exocytosis of insulin granules

Question 57

somatomedin C

Answer 57

IGF-1 - stimulated by GH

Question 58

Vitamin D types

Answer 58

D2 - from plants

D3 - from sun exposure in skin

Question 59

pseudohypoparathyroidism

Answer 59

unresponsive to PTH - defect in Gs protein - short 4/5th digits

Question 60

Graves Disease Ig

Answer 60

IgG to TSH receptor –> myxedema, exopthalmos

Question 61

calcitonin positive thyroid nodule

Answer 61

medullary thyroid cancer