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Flashcards - Micro

1
Q

superantigen

A

interacts with MHC on APCs/T-cells –> causes widespread activation of T-cells (IL2) and macs (IL-1/TNF)

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2
Q

Bradyzoites

A

Toxoplasma

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3
Q

P fimbriae

A

E. coli - allows adhesion ot uroepithelium

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4
Q

Cowdry Type A

A

HSV

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5
Q

Cowdry Type B

A

Adenovirus

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6
Q

ballooning degeneration, fine cytoplastic protein granules

A

acute hepatitis (HBV, HAV)

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7
Q

lymphoid aggregates in portal tracts

A

HCV

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8
Q

M Protein

A

Streptococcus pyogenes/Scarlet fever - binds factor H, inactivaes C3-convertase

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9
Q

Protein A

A

staph aureus - binds IgG Fc, preventing opsonization

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10
Q

pyocynin

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - green pigment

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11
Q

exotoxin A

A

inhibits elongation factor 2 (EF-2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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12
Q

tetanus toxin

A

blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in Renshaw inhibitory neurons

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13
Q

shiga toxin/EHEC

A

inactivates 60S ribosomal subunit - apoptosis

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14
Q

choleragen and E. coli heat labile toxin

A

activates adenylate cyclase - increase cAMP, induces secretion of NaCl

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15
Q

e. coli heat stable toxin

A

activates guanylate cylase to produce GMP, inhibits resorption of NaCl

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16
Q

4 bacteria that produce exotoxins that increase cAMP

A

cholera, anthrax, Montezumas revenge (ETEC), pertussis

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17
Q

catalase +/-

A

Staph/Strep

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18
Q

coagulase +/-

A

S. aureus/S epidermidis (novobiocin sensitive), S. saprophyticus (novobiocin resistant)

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19
Q

gram + rods

A

clostridium, listeria, bacillus, corynebacterium

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20
Q

vanA

A

enterococcus - D-alanine-D-lactate - low affinity for vancomycin

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21
Q

Chocolate agar

A

H. influenzae - meningitis w/ ceftriaxone, mucosal w/ amox

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22
Q

Thayer-Martin agar

A

N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis (capsule, maltose fermenter)

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23
Q

Bordet-Gengou agar, Regan-Lowe medium

A

B. pertussis

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24
Q

Löwenstein-Jensen agar

A

M. tuberculosis

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25
Q

Eaton agar

A

M. pneumoniae

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26
Q

Lactose-fermenting enterics

A

MacConkey agar - Fast - klebsiella, e. coli, enterobacter; Slow - citrobacter, serratia

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27
Q

Eosin–methylene blue (EMB) agar

A

E. coli

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28
Q

Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron

A

Legionella

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29
Q

Sabouraud agar

A

Fungi

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30
Q

thiosulfate-citrate-bilesalts-sucrose (TCBS) agar

A

V. cholerae

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31
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin)

A

Acid-fast bacteria (Nocardia, Mycobacteria), protozoa (Cryptosporidium oocysts).

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32
Q

broad, nonseptate hyphae at 90degrees

A

Mucormycosis

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33
Q

India ink

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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34
Q

Silver stain

A

Fungi (e.g., Pneumocystis), Legionella, Helicobacter pylori.

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35
Q

Giemsa stain

A

Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium.

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36
Q

tumbling motility at 25C, rocket tails

A

listeria

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37
Q

comma shaped oxidase positive bugs

A

c. jejuni (grows in 42C), v. cholerae (grows in alkaline), h. pylori (urease)

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38
Q

EHEC

A

O157:H7 - shiga-toxin - HUS

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39
Q

ETEC

A

travelers diarrhea - enterotoxin

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40
Q

EIEC

A

similar to Shigella

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41
Q

mucoid colonies, dark ‘currant jelly’ sputum

A

klebsiella - polysaccharide capsules

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42
Q

salmonella treatment

A

no antibiotics, can prolong duration

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43
Q

catalase, oxidase and urease positive gram negative rod

A

H. pylori - PPI + clarithromycin + amoxicillin/metronidazole

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44
Q

Q fever

A

coxiella burnettii - cattle/sheep amniotic fluid - pneumonia, culture neg endocarditis

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45
Q

oxidase positive gram negative rod

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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46
Q

oxidase negative gram negative rod non lactose fermenting - does not produce H2S

A

shigella

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47
Q

oxidase negative gram negative rod that produces H2S

A

salmonella, proteus, yersinia

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48
Q

gram positive anaerobe forming yellow “sulfur granules”

A

actinomyces - oral flora - penicillin

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49
Q

acid fast gram-positive aerobe

A

nocardia - found in soil - sulfonamides

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50
Q

gold pigment on sheep blood agar

A

staph aureus (gold)

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51
Q

gray to black on potassium-tellurite plate

A

C. diphtheriae

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52
Q

biofilm forming

A

coag negative - staph epidermidis

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53
Q

encapsulated bacteria

A

strep pneumo, h. flu B, N meningititis, E coli, salmonella, klebsiella, GBS

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54
Q

PAS+

A

stains glycogen - T whipplei

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55
Q

MAC prophylaxis

A

azithromycin

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56
Q

catalase positive organisms

A

NoPLACESS - nocardia, pseudomonas, listeria, aspergillus, candida, e. coli, staph, serratia

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57
Q

urease positive organisms (7)

A

Cryptococcus, H pylori, Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebseilla,S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus

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58
Q

c. perfringens toxin

A

lecinthinase (phospholipase C/alpha toxin) - gas gangrene

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59
Q

diphtheria toxin

A

AB exotoxin - inactivates EF-2 - inhibits protein synthesis, Corynebacterium diptheriae

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60
Q

cytoplasm with metachromatic granules that saine with aniline dyes/methylene blue

A

C diptheriae

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61
Q

maltose +/- diplococci

A

N. meningitidis/N. gonorrhoeae

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62
Q

Toxin B/cytotoxin

A

disrupts cytoskeleton - C.diff

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63
Q

adenylate cyclase activating toxins organisms

A

pertussis, anthrax, ETEC (heat labile), campylobacter, cholera, bcereus

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64
Q

guanylate cyclase activating toxin organisms

A

ETEC (heat stable), yersinia enterocolitica

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65
Q

pregnant HIV prophylaxis

A

Ziduvadine

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66
Q

disc-shaped yeast on methenamine silver of lung tissue, acellular, foamy material

A

pneumocystis jiroveci

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67
Q

Negri body, bullet shaped

A

Rabies - retrograde axonal migration from Ach receptor

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68
Q

IgA protease

A

strep pneumo, h. flu, N. gonorrhea and meningitidis

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69
Q

basophilic clusters on intestinal mucosa cells, oocytes

A

cryptosporidiosis

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70
Q

spindle cells with blood vessel proliferation

A

kaposi’s sarcoma HHV-8

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71
Q

trophozoites with RBCs

A

entamoeba histolytica - bloody diarrhea

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72
Q

endotoxin lipid A

A

Enterobacteriaceae - part of LPS, activates macrophages - septic shock

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73
Q

Councilman bodies

A

acidophilic (pink on H&E) apoptotic hepatocytes - acute viral hepatitis

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74
Q

Candida defense

A

T-lymphocyte mediated for superficial, neutrophil mediated for systemic

75
Q

viral serum sickness

A

Hepatitis B

76
Q

pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR)+, beta-hemolytic, gram-positive cocci

A

strep pyogenes

77
Q

sporothrix schenckii

A

rose prick - lymphatic nodules - round/cigar shaped budding yeast - treat with itraconazole or potassium iodide

78
Q

coccidioides

A

southwest US - pulmonary - thick walled spherules with endospores

79
Q

histoplasma capsulatum

A

ohio/mississippi valleys, bats, bird droppings - pulmonary (granulomas with calcifications) - oval yeast cells within macrophages

80
Q

blastomyces dermatitidis

A

ohio/mississippi valleys, soil - pulmonary (pneumonia) - doubly refracted wall, broad based bud

81
Q

paracoccidioides brasiliensis

A

central/south america - mucocutaneous ulcers - cells covered in budding blastoconidia - captains wheel

82
Q

cryptococcus neoformans

A

soil/pigeon droppings - meningitis, pulmonary - budding yeast forms with thick capsules

83
Q

budding yeast in “captain’s wheel”

A

paracoccidioidomycosis

84
Q

candida albicans

A

germ tubes/true hyphae at 37C

85
Q

legionella

A

intracellular gram-negative - pneumonia, diarrhea, hyponatremia

86
Q

cold agglutinins

A

EBV, mycobacteria

87
Q

lipooligosaccharide

A

N. meningitidis - levels correlated with mortality

88
Q

india ink/mucicarmine stain, encapsulated yeast with narrow-based budding, “soap bubble”, latex agglutinating

A

cryptococcus neoformans

89
Q

osmium tetraoxide

A

stains fat - fat embolus in lung tissue

90
Q

tinea versicolor

A

Malassezia (pityrosporum) - acids from degradation of lipids damage melanocytes

91
Q

H. influenza b growth medium

A

blood agar with X (hematin) and V (NAD+) factor

92
Q

naegleria fowleri

A

freshwater lakes - rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis - amphotericin B

93
Q

trypanosoma brucei

A

african sleeping sickness - tsetse fly - recurrent fever - suramin (blood), melarsoprol (CNS)

94
Q

toxoplasma gondii

A

tachyzoite on biopsy - sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine

95
Q

babesiosis

A

“maltese cross” - tick borne - atovaquone + azithromycine

96
Q

trypanosoma cruzi

A

chagas disease - reuviid bug (kissing) - benzidazole or nifurtimox

97
Q

bendazoles

A

treat nematodes(roundworm) - enterobius vermicularis, ascaris lumbricoides, strongyloides stercoralis, ancylostoma duodenale, nevator americanus, trichinella spiralis

98
Q

taenia solium

A

undercook pork - intestinal infection, cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis - praziquantel

99
Q

echinococcus granulosus

A

dog feces, sheep - hyatid cysts in liver - anaphylaxis if released - inject with ethanol/hypertonic saline, albendazole

100
Q

praziquantel

A

tapeworms (taenia solium, diphyllobothrium latum) and flukes (schistosoma, clonorchis sinensis)

101
Q

live attenuated vaccines (7)

A

smallpox, yellow fever, rotavirus, chickenpox, sabin, MMR, influenza (intranasal)

102
Q

killed vaccine (4)

A

rabies, influenza (injected), salk polio, HAV

103
Q

aspiration pneumonia bacteria

A

anaerobes - peptostreptococcus, fusobacterium, prevotella, bacteroides

104
Q

typhoid fever

A

salmonella typhi - fever, watery diarrhea, salmon-colored rose spots, hepatosplenomegaly, GI bleeding

105
Q

newborn meningitis

A

listeria, e. coli, GBS

106
Q

elderly meningtitis

A

S. pneumoniae, gram negative rods, listeria

107
Q

IV drug abuse osteomyelitis

A

pseudomonas, candida, s. aureus

108
Q

fitz-hugh-curtis syndrome

A

PID –> liver capsule infection and adhesions

109
Q

CR2 (CD21)

A

EBV - interacts with gp350

110
Q

CD4/CXCR4/CCR5

111
Q

ICAM1

A

rhinovirus

112
Q

Group A strep

A

bacitracin sensitive - S. pyogenes

113
Q

Group B strep

A

bacitracin resistant - S. agalactiae

114
Q

d-glutamate aminoacid antiphagocytic capsule

A

Bacillus anthracis

115
Q

encapsulated bile soluble optochin sensitive lancet-shaped, gram-positive cocci in pairs

A

Strepococcus pneumoniae

116
Q

non-encapsulated optochin resistant alpha hemolytic

A

viridans strepococci

117
Q

bean-shaped, gram-negative cocci in pairs

A

N. meningitidis

118
Q

B. anthrancis toxin

A

adenylate cyclase –> massive increase in cAMP

119
Q

Bordetella pertussis toxin

A

adenylate cyclase –> massive increase in cAMP

120
Q

most common HIV resistance

A

pol gene mutation - resistance to standard protease inhibitors; Env mutation - escape from host neutralizing antibodies

121
Q

HIV gp41 protein

A

env - fusion protein - enfurviritide

122
Q

HIV gp120 protein

A

env - target cell attachment - CCR5 on macs, CXCR4 on T-cells

123
Q

HIV p17 protein

A

gag - matrix protein

124
Q

heteropil antibodies

A

Monospot - detects EBV

125
Q

parvovirus B19 binding antigen

A

erythrocyte P antigen

126
Q

DNA viruses

A

double stranded, linear, icosahedral, replicate in nucleus

127
Q

Papillomavirus (HPV)

A

dsDNA, non-enveloped, circular

128
Q

Adenovirus

A

dsDNA, non-enveloped, linear

129
Q

Hepadnaviridae (HBV)

A

dsDNA, enveloped, circular

130
Q

herpesvirus

A

dsDNA, enveloped, linear - HSV1, HSV2, VZV, EBV, CMV, roseola, kaposi(8)

131
Q

Parvoviridae (B19)

A

ssDNA, non-enveloped, linear - erythema infectiosum (5th disease) - “slapped cheek”

132
Q

reovirus (rotavirus)

A

dsRNA, non-enveloped, linear, icosahedral

133
Q

Pircornaviridae

A

ssRNA+, non-enveloped, icosahedral - polio, echo, rhino, coxsackie, HAV (PERCH)

134
Q

calcivirus (norovirus)

A

ssRNA+, non-enveloped, icosahedral

135
Q

Flaviviridae

A

ssRNA+, enveloped, icosahedral - HCV, yellow, dengue, west nile

136
Q

Deltaviridae (HDV)

A

ssRNA-, enveloped, helical

137
Q

Hepeveridae

A

ssRNA+, enveloped, icosahedral - HEV

138
Q

retrovirus

A

ssRNA+, enveloped, icosahedral - reverse transcriptase - HIV, HTLV

139
Q

Togaviridae

A

ssRNA+, enveloped, icosahedral - Rubella, eastern/western equine encephalitis

140
Q

coronavirus

A

ssRNA+, enveloped, helical - “common cold”, SARS

141
Q

filovirus (ebola)

A

ssRNA-, enveloped, helical

142
Q

orthomyxovirus

A

ssRNA-, enveloped, helical, segmented - influenza

143
Q

rhabdovirus (rabies)

A

ssRNA-, enveloped, helical, segmented

144
Q

paramyxovirus

A

ssRNA-, enveloped, helical - Mumps, RSV, measles, parainfluenza

145
Q

segmented viruses

A

RNA viruses - bunyaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, arenaviruses, reoviruses (BOAR)

146
Q

negative strand viruses

A

needs own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase - arenavirus, bunyavirus, paramyxovirus, orthomyxovirus, filovirus, rhadovirus

147
Q

exanthem subitus

A

roseola/HHV-6 - rose colored macules after several days of high fever

148
Q

hand-foot-mouth disease

A

coxsackievirus type A - oval shaped vesicles on palms/soles, oral mucosa

149
Q

rash from head moving down

A

measles - cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, koplik spots

150
Q

pale coalescing macules from head moving down

A

rubella/German measles

151
Q

infant: PDA, cataracts, deafness, blueberry muffin rash

152
Q

infant: hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash, blueberry muffin rash, periventricular calcifications

153
Q

infant: recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea

154
Q

infant: encephalitis, herpetic lesions

155
Q

infant: stillbirth, hydrops fetalis, notched teeth, saddle nose, short maxilla, saber shins, CN8 deafness

156
Q

Zidovudine

A

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor - bone marrow toxicity, anemia

157
Q

Oseltamivir

A

neuraminidase inhibitor - virus unable to release from cell

158
Q

Indinavir

A

protease inhibitor - lipodystrophy, hyperglycemia, P450 inhibitor

159
Q

Raltegravir

A

integrase inhibitor

160
Q

Foscarnet

A

CMV infection - nephrotoxicity - hypoCa, hypoMg, hypoK

161
Q

transformation

A

naked DNA fragment uptake

162
Q

transduction

A

viral-mediated DNA transfer

163
Q

conjucation

A

transfer with sex pili

164
Q

transposition

A

plasmid jumping

165
Q

acid-fast bacteria that grows optimally at 41C

A

mycobacterium avium complex

166
Q

listeriolysin

A

lyses through vacuolar membrane into cytosol

167
Q

sorbitol non-fermenting, no glucuoronidase production E. coli

A

EHEC O157:H7

168
Q

toxin A

A

C. diff enterotoxin - inactivate Rho-regulatory proteins - disrupts actin cytoskeleton/tight junctions

169
Q

toxin B

A

C. diff cytotoxin

170
Q

schistosoma haematobium

A

from snails - expelled in urine

171
Q

Malaria

A

p. falciprum - daily fever

p. vivax, ovale - periodic fever

172
Q

acute bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

A

complicates asthma, transient recurrant pulmonary infiltrates

173
Q

intracranial calcifications

A

neonatal toxoplasmosis

174
Q

beta hemolytic strep breakdown

A

B-BRAS - bacitracin - group b resistant, group a sensitive

175
Q

alpha hemolytic Strep breakdown

A

OVERPASS - optochin - viridins resistant, pneumo sensitive

176
Q

coag negative Staph breakdown

A

No STRESS - novobiocin, saprophyticus resistant, epidermidis sensitive

177
Q

gram negative bacilli breakdown

A

daCLB - diptheria, clostridium, listeria, bacillus

178
Q

type III secretion

A

“injectisome” - pseudomonas, salmonella, shigella, e. coli

179
Q

lepromatous Mycobacterium leprae

A

diffusely over skin - Th2 response

180
Q

tuberculoid Mycobacterium leprae

A

limited to a few hypoesthetic, hairless skin plaques - Th1 - type immune response

181
Q

leptospirosis

A

Leptospira interrogans - water contaminated with animal urine - surfers and in tropics - flu-like symptoms, photophobia with conjunctival suffusion

182
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Elephantiasis - 9 mo–1 yr after bite to become symptomatic - Diethylcarbamazine

183
Q

meningitis treatment

A

ceftriaxone, vancomycin, +/- amox if listeria

184
Q

pseudomonas coverage

A

piperacillin, cephalosporins, flouroquinolones, carbapenems

Step 1 (19 decks)

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