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Step 1 > Flashcards - GI > Flashcards

Flashcards - GI

1
Q

Warthin tumor

A

benign cystic tumor with abundant lymphocytes/GCs, almost always in parotid

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2
Q

Sialadenitis

A

inflammation usually due to S. aureus

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3
Q

hairy leukoplakia

A

EBV-induced SCC on lateral tongue

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4
Q

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

A

severe Fe deficiency, esophageal webs, beefy red tongue

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5
Q

Chagas

A

trypanosoma cruzi - achalasia

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6
Q

G-cells

A

produce gastrin - stimualted by stomach distension, vagal stimulation

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7
Q

D-cells

A

produces SST - stimulated by increased acid, inhibited by vagal stim - inhibits acid, pancreas, gallbladder, VIP, insulin/glucagon activity

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8
Q

I-cells

A

CCK - stimulated by FFA/AAs - increases pancreas, gallbladder activity, decrease gastric empty

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9
Q

S-cells

A

secretin - stimulated by FFAs in duodenum - increased bicarb, bile, decrease acid

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10
Q

K-cells

A

glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide - stimulated by FFA/AA, glu - decreases acid, increases insulin

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11
Q

parietal cell

A

produces H+/intrinsic factor - stimulated by histamine and gastrin

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12
Q

chief cells

A

produces pepsinogen

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13
Q

Parietal cell signalling

A

activation of H+/K+ ATPase -
Ach/M3 + gastrin/CCK3 –> IP3/Ca2+,
Histamine/H2(+) + PGE(-) + SST(-) –> cAMP

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14
Q

Th2 disorder

A

ulcerative colitis - IL-4, IL-6, IL-10

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15
Q

Th1 disorder

A

crohn’s disease - hypersensitivity reactions and granuloma formations -

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16
Q

Brunner’s gland

A

in submucosa - secrete alkaline mucus

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17
Q

desmoplasia with diffuse thicking of stomach wall (linitis plastica)

A

signet cell gastric carcinoma - diffuse type, not associated with H. pylo

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18
Q

brain gyri rugae

A

Menetrier disease –> increased protein production resulting in protein loss/parietal cell atropy

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19
Q

PAS+ globules

A

alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

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20
Q

duodenal atresia genetic link

A

associated with Downs

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21
Q

Celiac HLA

A

HLA-DQ2/DQ8 - IgA antibodies to tissue transglutaminase

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22
Q

Whipple Disease

A

tropheryma whippeli - fat malabsorption - foamy macrophages, PAS+

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23
Q

chromogranin

A

Carcinoid tumor

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24
Q

Hirschsprung gene

A

RET - lack of Meissner + Auerbach

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25
Q

Turcot syndrome

A

FAP + CNS tumor

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26
Q

Gardner syndrome

A

FAP + osseous/soft tissue tumors, teeth, retinal hypertrophy

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27
Q

gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)

A

liver/biliary disease, differentiates from bone disease

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28
Q

Reye syndrome

A

ASA use for viral (VZV, influenza B) - decrease beta-oxidation by reversible inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes - microvesicular fatty change

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29
Q

Mallory bodies

A

intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions of damaged keratin filaments (twisted rope) - Alcoholic hepatitis (AST > ALT 1.5)

30
Q

Alcoholic cirrhosis

A

sclerosis around central vein (zone III)

31
Q

NAFLD

A

ALT > AST

32
Q

nutmeg liver

A

Budd-Chiari - thrombosis/compression of hepatic veins - centrilobar congestion/necrosis

33
Q

Amanita phalloides/deathcap poisoning

A

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase type II inhibition of mRNA synthesis

34
Q

pyridoxal phosphate

A

cofactor in delta-aminovlulinic acid synthesis ( elevated in lead poisoning)

35
Q

Niacin

A

decreases synthesis of hepatic triglycerides and VLDL by suppression of FFA release from peripheral tissue + decreased VLDL to LDL conversion

36
Q

flattened polyhedral/ovoid epithelial cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, keratin nests/pearls, intercellular bridging

A

SCC of esophagus

37
Q

primary biliary cirrhosis

A

Anti-mitochondrial IgM, associated with CREST, Sjogren, RA, celiac - presents with itching

38
Q

primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

hyperIgM, p-ANCA, associated with UC - “onion skin” bile duct with “beading”

39
Q

adenoma-carcinoma sequence

A

AK-53 - APC (ch5) –> K-ras –> p53 –> increased COX

40
Q

ApoE

A

mediates remnant uptake - Chylomicron, Chylomicron Remnant, VLDL, IDL, HDL

41
Q

ApoA-I

A

Activates LCAT - Chylomicron, HDL

42
Q

ApoC-II

A

lipoprotein lipase cofactor - Chylomicron, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL

43
Q

apoB-48

A

mediates chylomicron secretion in small intestive - Chylomicron, Chylomicron Remnant

44
Q

ApoB-100

A

binds to LDL receptor in liver - VLDL, IDL, LDL

45
Q

wilson disease

A

Copper normally excreted into bile with ATP7B (Ch 13) ATPase

46
Q

hemochromatosis

A

HFE gene (C282Y or H63D), associated with HLA-A3 - presents as “bronze diabetes”, HF, testicular atrophy, micronodular cirrhosis

47
Q

scorpian sting

A

acute pancreatitis

48
Q

Trousseau syndrome

A

migratory thrombophlebitis - pancreatic cancer

49
Q

dorsal pancreatic bud

A

larger - forms body, tail, isthmus and accessory duct

50
Q

venous drainage from below pectinate line

A

inferior rectal vein –> internal pudendal –> internal iliac –> common iliac –> IVC

51
Q

liver ischemia sensitivity

A

Zone III - sensitive to toxins, contains P-450

52
Q

Peyers patches

A

contains B-cells that secretes IgA, M-cells - salmonella infects through M-cells

53
Q

painless, mobile jaw mass - chondromyxoid stroma and epithelium

A

pleomorphic adenoma - can recur if not excised completely

54
Q

Type A chronic gastritis

A

A’s - autoimmune - autoantibodies to pareital cells, pernicious anemia, achlorhydria

55
Q

Type B chronic gastritis

A

H. pylori - increased risk of MALT lymphoma

56
Q

virchow node

A

gastric metastasis to left supraclavicular node

57
Q

sister mary joseph nodule

A

subcutaneous periumbilical metastasis from gastric cancer

58
Q

krukenberg tumor

A

bilateral gastric metastasis to ovaries, mucin secreting signet ring cells

59
Q

saw-tooth crypts

A

Serrated colonic polyp - premalignant - BRAF mutation/microsatellite instablity

60
Q

Peutz-Jeghers

A

AD - GI hamartomas, pigmented mouth/lips/hands/genitalia - increased risk of Ca in colon, breast, stomach, small bowel, pancreas

61
Q

Lynch syndrome

A

AD - HNPCC - DNA mismatch repair with MSI

62
Q

Apple-core lesion on barium enema

A

CRC

63
Q

ALT>AST

A

Viral hepatitis

64
Q

AST>ALT

A

Alcoholic hepatitis

65
Q

liver angiosarcoma

A

malignant tumor associated with arsenic and vinyl chloride

66
Q

Gilbert/Crigler-Najjar deficiency

A

UDP-glucoronosyltransferase

67
Q

pancreatic pseudocyst lining

A

granulation tissue

68
Q

Leser–Trélat sign

A

explosive onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses - can indicate gastric carcinoma

69
Q

abetalipoproteinemia

A

AR - deficiency in Apolipoprotein B-48 (chylomicrons), B-100 (VLDL)

70
Q

Left sided CRC

A

napkin ring lesion - decreased stool calibre, LLQ pain, blood streaked stool

71
Q

right sided CRC

A

raised lesion - Fe deficiency anemia, vague pain, weight loss

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