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Step 1 > Flashcards - Cardiology > Flashcards

Flashcards - Cardiology

1
Q

Fetal Circulation

A

Umbilical Vein –> ductus venosus –> IVC –> RA –> foramen ovale –> LA –> LV –> Aorta –> umbilical arteries –> placenta

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2
Q

AV/SA node circulation

A

RCA

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3
Q

Aortic receptor nerve

A

Vagus

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4
Q

Cushings triad

A

HTN, bradycardia, bradypnea

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5
Q

allantois/urachus

A

median umbilical ligament

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6
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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7
Q

ductus venosus

A

ligamentum venosum

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8
Q

notochord

A

nucleus polposus

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9
Q

umbilical arteries

A

medial umbilical ligaments

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10
Q

umbilical vein

A

ligamentum teres hepatis

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11
Q

Fetal hemoglobin

A

alpha2-gamma2

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12
Q

holosystolic high pitched blowing

A

MR/TR

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13
Q

crescendo decrescendo murmur

A

aortic stenosis

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14
Q

holosystolic harsh murmur

A

VSD

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15
Q

late systelic crescendo murmur

A

MVP

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16
Q

early diastolic high pitched blowing murmur

A

AR

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17
Q

rumbling late diastolic with opening snap murmur

A

MS

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18
Q

continuous machine like murmur

A

PDA

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19
Q

ANP/BNP

A

cGMP - vasodilation, decreased Na resorption, dilates afferent renal aterioles, contricts efferent arterioles

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20
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy causes

A

alcohol, wet beriberi, coxsackie, cocaine, chgas, doxorubicin, hemochromatosis, carcoidosis, peripartum

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21
Q

restrictive cardiomyopathy causes

A

sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, loffler syndrome, hemochromatosis

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22
Q

a1 receptor

A

Gq - vascular smooth muscle contraction, pupillary muscle contraction, intestinal/bladder sphincter muscle contraction

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23
Q

a2 receptor

A

Gi - decreased sympathetic - decreased insulin, lipolysis, ciliary production of aqueous humor, increased platelet aggregation

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24
Q

b1 receptor

A

Gs - increased HR, contractility, renin, lipolusis

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25
Q

b2 receptor

A

Gs - vasodilation, bronchodilation, increase lipolysis, insulin, decreased uterine tone, ciliary muscle

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26
Q

ANP

A

cGMP stimulator

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27
Q

Class 1A

A

increase AP duration, effective refractory period, QT interval Quinidine, Procainamide, Disoprymide

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28
Q

Class 1B

A

decrease AP duration, preferentially affects resting cells Lidocaine, mexiletine

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29
Q

Class 1C

A

prolongs ERP in AV node, decreases slope of Phase 0 only Flecainide, propafenone

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30
Q

Class 2

A

b-blockers

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31
Q

Class 3

A

Potassium channel blockers - amiodarone, ibutilide, dofetilide, sotalol

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32
Q

Class 4

A

calcium channel blockers - verapamil, diltiazem

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33
Q

dihydropyidines

A

act on smooth-muscle - amlodipine, clevidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimondipine

34
Q

non-dihydropyridines

A

act on heart - diltiazem, verapamil

35
Q

CCB toxicity

A

AV block, edema, flushing, hyperPRL, gingival hyperplasia

36
Q

Hydralazine

A

increases cGMP - smooth muscle relaxer

37
Q

Fenoldopam

A

Dopamine D1 receptor agonist - coronary, peripheral, renal, splanchnic vasodilation

38
Q

Digoxin toxicity treatment

A

normalize K, magnesium, anti-dig Ab

39
Q

fibrates + statins

A

myopathy

40
Q

angiosarcoma

A

malignant - associated with polyvinyl chloride, arsenic

41
Q

Cystic Hygroma

A

cavernous lymphangioma of neck, associated with Turners

42
Q

Bacillary angiomatosis

A

benign capillary skin papules of Bartonella henselae, found in AIDS patients, looks similar to Kaposi’s but has neutrophils

43
Q

Glomus tumor

A

painful red-blue tumor under fingernail, from smooth muscle of glomus

44
Q

long QT causes

A

antiarrythmics (Class IA, ibutilide, dofetilide, sotolol), antibiotics, anticychotics, antidepressants, antiemetics

45
Q

Romano-Ward syndrome

A

AD - long QT syndrome - only cardiac

46
Q

Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome

A

AR - long QT syndrome - +sensorineural deafness

47
Q

Brugada syndrome

A

AD - asian males, pseudo-right bundle branch block + ST elevations in V1-V3, increased sudden cardiac death

48
Q

Einsenmenger syndrome

A

Uncorrected L-to-R shunt (ASD, VSD, PDA) - pulmonary hypertension, RVH, clubbing, polycythemia, cyanosis

49
Q

22q11 associated cardiac malformation

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, truncus ateriosus

50
Q

Williams syndrome associated cardiac malformation

A

Supravalvular aortic stenosis

51
Q

hyperplastic arteriosclerosis (onion skin)

A

malignant hypertension

52
Q

hyaline arteriolosclerosis

A

diabetes

53
Q

ateriolonephrosclerosis

A

glomerular scarring from diabetes

54
Q

Monkeberg

A

calcification of medium arteries, not clinically significant

55
Q

JONES criteria

A

for acute rheumatic fever - joints, carditis, nodules, erythema marginatum, sydenham chorea

56
Q

bacterial M protein

A

rheumatic fever, molecular mimicry

57
Q

Down syndrome cardiac defects

A

endocardial cushion defects (ASD, AV regurg)

58
Q

DiGeorge cardiac defects

A

ToF

59
Q

Friedreich’s ataxia cardiac defects

A

HOCM

60
Q

Marfan cardiac defects

A

cystic medial necrosis of AOrta

61
Q

Tuberous sclerosis cardiac defects

A

cardiac rhabdomyomas

62
Q

Turners cardiac defects

A

Coarctation of aorta

63
Q

polymyalgia rheumatica

A

temporal (giant cell) arteritis

64
Q

Polyarteritis Nodosa

A

multiple organs except lung, associated with HBsAg, fibrinoid necrosis/strings on a bead

65
Q

Buerger disease

A

associated with smoking, ulcers on feet/fingers, raynauds phenomenon

66
Q

Wegeners/GPA

A

nasopharynx, lungs, kidney - c-ANCA - cyclophosphamide

67
Q

microscopic polyangitis

A

GPA, but no nasopharynx and no granulomas - p-ANCA

68
Q

Churg-Strauss

A

eosinophilia, hx of asthma - p-ANCA

69
Q

HSP

A

IgA deposition/nephropathy s/p URI

70
Q
A

Class IA - Quinidine, Procainamide, Disopyramide

71
Q
A

Class IB - Lidocaine, MexileTine

72
Q
A

Class IC - Flecainide, Propafenone

73
Q
A

Class II - Metoprolol, propranolol, esmolol, atenolol, timolol, carvedilol.

74
Q
A

class III - K+ blockers - Amiodarone, Ibutilide, Dofetilide, Sotalol

75
Q
A

class IV - CCBs - non-dihydropyrimidines - Verapamil, diltiazem

76
Q

transmural inflammation of arterial wall with fibrinoid necrosis

A

polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) - associated with hepatitis B

77
Q

His/Purkinje Fiber AP ion movement

A
78
Q

packemaker ion movement

A
79
Q

Variant (prinzmetal) angina treatment

A

coronary artery spasms - CCBs, nitrates

80
Q

Kussmaul sign

A

increased JVP on inspiration - seen in constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathies, right A/V tumors

81
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

audible during expiration with blood cuff, audible all phases w/ cuff release. due to pericardial disease/tampanade, restrictive cardiomyopathy.

82
Q

plump macrophages with abundant cytoplasm and central round/ovoid nuclei with central slender chromatin ribbons

A

Anitschow cells - sign of acute rheumatic carditis, when multinucleated are Aschoff giant cells

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