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HISTOPATH > FIXATION 3.0 > Flashcards

FIXATION 3.0 Flashcards

1
Q

It is a constituent of compound fixatives and it precipitates all proteins and adequately preserves CHO.

A

Chromic acid

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2
Q

It preserves lipids and mitochondria

A

Potassium Dichromate

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3
Q

This is recommended for the demonstration of : Chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, Golgi bodies, RBC and colloid containing tissues

A

Regard’s (Muller’s) Fluid

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4
Q

What is the fixation time of Regard’s (Muller’s) Fluid?

A

12-48 hours

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5
Q

This fixative is recommended for early degenerative process, tissue necrosis and demonstration of Rickettsiae and bacteria

A

Orth’s fluid.

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6
Q

What is the fixation time of Orth’s fluid?

A

36 - 72 hours

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7
Q

Enumerate the Chromic Fixatives.

A

Chromic acid
Potassium Dichromate
Regard’s (Muller’s) fluid
Orth’s fluid

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8
Q

This is used in 4% aqueous solution of basic lead aerate and is recommended for acid mucopolysaccharides and connective tissue mucin.

A

Lead fixatives

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9
Q

Enumerate the metallic fixatives

A

Mercuric chloride
Chromate fixatives
Lead fixatives

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10
Q

This is normally used in a strong saturated aqueous solution (1%) and not in dry form. It is also used in dyes tissue yellow, and is an excellent fixative for glycogen demonstration.

A

Picric cid fixatives

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11
Q

This solution is recommended for embryos and pituitary biopsies

A

Bouin’s solution

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12
Q

This is better and less messy than Bouin’s solution and an excellent fixative for glycogen

A

Brasil’s Solution

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13
Q

Enumerate the Picric acid fixatives

A

Bouin’s solution
Brasil’s Solution

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14
Q

This is used in conjunction with the fixative to form a compound solution, solidified at 17’C .

A

Glacial Acetic ACid

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15
Q

The advantages of this fixative are:
- Fixes and precipitates nucleoproteins
- Causes tissues to swell
- Precipitates chromosome and chromosome material.

A

Glacial acetic acid

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16
Q

This rapidly denatures and precipitates proteins.

A

Alcoholic fixatives

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17
Q

Fix and preserve Glycogen, pigments, blood, tissue films and smear.

A

Absolute alcohol

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18
Q

This is ideal for small tissue fragments. Fixative and dehydrating agent, excellent for glycogen preservation and preserves nuclear stain.

A

Alcohol fixatives (70-100%)

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19
Q

This fixes dry and wet smear, blood smear and bone marrow tissue.

A

Methyl alcohol (100%)

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20
Q

This is used for touch preparations

A

Isopropyl alcohol (95%)

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21
Q

This is maybe used as a simple fixative.

A

Ethyl alcohol (70-100%)

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22
Q

What is the fixation time of ethyl alcohol (70-100%)?

A

18 - 24 hours

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23
Q

This is the most rapid fixative and can fix the tissue for 1 hour only. Fixes and dehydrates at the same time.

A

Carnoy’s fluid

24
Q

This is used for urgent biopsies (5 hours) and brain tissue for diagnosis of rabies.

A

Carnoy’s fluid

25
Q

What is the fixation time of Carnoy’s fluid?

A

1- 3 hours

26
Q

This is pale yellow when dissolving into the water. However if it is in electron microscopy, the used stain is heavy metal.

A

Osmium tetroxide (Osmic acid)

27
Q

its advantages are:
- Fixes conjugated-fats and lipids permanently
- Preserves cytoplasmic structures well
- Fixes myelin and peripheral nerves well
- Adequately fixes materials for ultra-thin sectioning

A

Osmium tetroxide (Osmic acid)

28
Q

The disadvantage of this is that it deteriorates.

A

Flemming’s solution

29
Q

This is the most common chrome-osmium acetic acid fixative, recommended for nuclear structures, permanently fixes fats.

A

Flemming’s solution

30
Q

What is the fixation time of flemming’s solution?

A

24 - 48 hours

31
Q

This is made up only of chromic and osmic, recommended for cytoplasmic structures (mitochondria).

A

Flemming’s SOlution w/out acetic acid.

32
Q

Enumerate the osmium tetroxide (osmic acid) fixatives.

A

Flemming’s solution (w/ or w/out acetic acid)

33
Q

This is sometimes incorporated into compound fixatives, precipitates proteins, Has a marked swelling effect and maybe used as a weak decalcifying agent.

A

Trichloroacetic acid

34
Q

This is used at ice cold temperatures ranging from -5 to 4’C and is recommended for phosphates and lipases. It is used for fixing the brain and diagnosing rabies.

A

Acetone

35
Q

This involves the thermal coagulation of tissue proteins, employed for frozen tissue sections and bacteriological smear and preserves nuclear and cytoplasmic detail.

A

Heat fixation

36
Q

This is a pre-fixed undergone second fixative to improve the demonstration of particular substances.

A

Post mordanting/secondary fixation

37
Q

This is for special staining technique.

A

Post-mordanting

38
Q

This is for better staining.

A

Post chromatization 2.5 - 3% Potassium dichromate - mordant)

39
Q

What is used to remove the excess?

A

Tap water

40
Q

What do you call the removal of excess fixative?

A

Washing - out

41
Q

What do you call the removal of pigment after fixation?

A

Washing out

42
Q

How to remove the white ppt of formalin?

A

By adding 10% methanol

43
Q

How to remove the brown/black precipitate of formalin?

A

Alkaline picrate (PIcric acid + 95% EA) OR

1% KOH in 80% alcohol

44
Q

28% NH3 H20 + 70% ethyl alcohol is used to remove this.

A

Kardasewitsch’s

45
Q

28%NH3 H2O, acetone + H2O2 (-wash in 70% alcohol)

A

Lillie’s

46
Q

What is the solution used for the removal of picric acid?

A

Lenoir’s solution

47
Q

What is used to wash out the mercuric fixative?

A

0.5% Iodine solution in 70% ethanol (5-10 minutes)

48
Q

What is the decolorizer of Mercuric fixative?

A

5% Na thiosulfate

49
Q

What decolorize the melanin?

A

KMnO4

50
Q

What reduces the melanin?

A

Pyrogallic acid

51
Q

What is used for bleaching and final removal of Melanin?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

52
Q

What is used for the fixation for electron microscopy?

A

Aldehyde fixation:
A. Karnovsky’s paraformaldehyde - glutaraldehyde
B. Acrolein - glutaraldehyde / formaldehyde

53
Q

What is used for the post fixation of Electron microscopy?

A

Acrolein

54
Q

What is the pH for the post fixation of EM?

A

7.2 - 7.4

55
Q

What is used fixative for enzyme histochemistry?

A

4% FORMALDEHYDE OR FORMOL-SALINE

56
Q

What fixative is used for the frozen section of enzyme histochemistry?

A

Acetone or formaldehyde

57
Q

What are the fixatives for smears?

A

Schaundinn’s
Ether-alcohol
Methanol

HISTOPATH (9 decks)

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