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HISTOPATHOLOGY > FIXATION > Flashcards

FIXATION Flashcards

trans based

1
Q

killing, penetration, and hardening of tissues

A

fixation

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2
Q

first and most critical step in tissue processing

A

fixation

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3
Q

what is the purpose of fixation

A

Preserve the morphologic and chemical integrity of the cell in a life-like manner as possible

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4
Q

factors affecting fixation

A

fixative of choice
time
tissue-to-fixative ratio
penetration rate
thickness of specimen
tissue components
pH
temperature

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5
Q

what is fixative of choice in fixation?

A

10% neutral buffered solution

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6
Q

time used to perform in fixation

A

20-30 mins after blood supply is cut off

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7
Q

thickness of specimen in light microscopy

A

2cm2 x 0.4cm

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8
Q

thickness of specimen in electron microscopy

A

1-2mm2

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9
Q

what tissue components have longer fixation time

A

fibrous tissue
mucus
fat
blood

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10
Q

what tissue components have shorter fixation time

A

small of loosely textures tissues (example: appendix)

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11
Q

optimal pH of fixation

A

6 to 8

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12
Q

optimal temperature

A

45 degrees celsius

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13
Q

temp for tissue processors

A

40 degrees celsius

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14
Q

temp for microwave processing

A

65 degrees celsius

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15
Q

temp for electron microscopy

A

0-4 degrees celsius

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16
Q

temp for tuberculosis

A

100 degrees celsius

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17
Q

temp for rapid biopsy

A

60 degrees celsius

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18
Q

hypertonic is?

A

cell shrinkage

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19
Q

hypotonic and isotonic is?

A

cell swelling

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20
Q

tissues are remained at what solution?

A

slightly hypertonic solution (400-450 mOsm)

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21
Q

hastens fixation

A

agitation, vacuum

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22
Q

types of fixatives based on composition

A

simple
compound

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23
Q

types of fixative based on action

A

microanatomical
cytological
histochemical

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24
Q

General study of tissues w/o
structure alteration

A

microanatomical

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25
Q

pH is < 4-6 and has glacial acetic acid has affinity to nuclear chromatin

A

nuclear

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26
Q

has a pH > 4-6 and HAc destroys mitochondria and golgi bodies

A

cytoplasmic

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27
Q

Preserves chemical constituents if cells and tissues

A

histochemical

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28
Q

an aldehyde fixative that is produced by oxidation of methanol

A

formaldehyde

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29
Q

percent concentrations of formaldehyde in:
gas form
stock concentration
working solution
what pH level

A

100%
37-40%
10%
pH 7

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30
Q

Best general tissue fixative; pH 7

A

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF)

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30
Q

Recommended for fixation of CNS tissues and general post mortem tissues for histochemical examination

A

10% Formol-Saline

31
Q

what is the fixation time of NBF

A

4 to 24hrs

32
Q

Recommended for routine post mortem tissues and Silver Reticulum staining methods

A

Formol-Corrosive (Formol Mercuric Chloride)

33
Q

good for microincineration
techniques; Fixes sputum

A

Gendre’s (Alcoholic Formalin)

34
Q

For gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, prostate biopsies, and bone marrow (BM)

A

Hollande’s

35
Q

Made up of 2 formaldehyde residues linked by 3 carbon chains; Container must be refrigerated

A

Glutaraldehyde

36
Q

concentrations of glutaraldehyde for:
immune electron microsopy
small TSE fragments
most common
large TSE fragments

A

0.25%
2.5%
3%
4%

37
Q

Polymer of Formalin; For ultrathin and electron microscopy

A

Paraformaldehyde

38
Q

Acrolein in glutaraldehyde or formalin; For Electron Histochemistry & Electron
Immunocytochemistry

A

Karnovsky’s Paraformaldehyde /
Glutaraldehyde

39
Q

no smudging of nuclei and
distortion of staining compared with formalin

A

40% Aqueous Glyoxal

40
Q

Most common metallic fixative; 5-7%

A

mercuric chloride

41
Q

remedy for mercuric chloride

A

dekenkerization

42
Q

Good general fixative for adequate preservation of all kinds of tissues

A

zenker’s fluid

43
Q

Brown pigments are removed with saturated alcoholic picric acid or NaOH

A

Zenker-Formol (Helly’s Solution)

44
Q

for skin tumor biopsy; minimum cell shrinkage and tissue hardening due to counter-balance effect of acids and mercury

A

Heidenhain’s Susa solution

45
Q

Recommended for hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues

A

B-5 Fixative

46
Q

fixation time for B-5 fixative

A

4-8 hours

47
Q

Recommended for making smears of loose cells on slides

A

Shaudinn’s Fluid

48
Q

Preserves carbohydrates; precipitates all protein

A

Chromic Acid 1-2%

49
Q

For chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, golgi bodies, RBC and colloid containing tissues

A

Regaud’s / Muller’s Fluid

50
Q

Study of early degenerative processes and necrosis; Rickettsiae and other bacteria; Preserves myelin

A

Orths’ Fluid

51
Q

Preserves lipids & mitochondria at pH 4.5 to 5.2; cytoplasm, chromatin and chromosome are fixed

A

Potassium Dichromate

52
Q

Preserves acid mucopolysaccharide

A

lead fixatives

53
Q

remedy for lead fixatives

A

add drops of acetic acid to
dissolve residue

54
Q

Normally used in strong aqueous solution (1%); Glycogen demonstration; has yellowing effect

A

picric acid fixatives

55
Q

For embryo and pituitary biopsies, and tissues to be stained with Masson’s Trichrome

A

Bouin’s

56
Q

Better and less messy than Bouin’s

A

Brasil’s Alcoholic Picroformol

57
Q

Incorporated in compound fixatives; Destroys mitochondria and Golgi elements, thus not for cytoplasmic fixation

A

Glacial Acetic Acid

58
Q

it is good and causes polarization to glycogen

A

alcohol fixatives

59
Q

Most rapid tissue fixative (1-3 hrs); Fixing brain tissues for rabies diagnosis

A

Carnoy’s Fluid

60
Q

Enzyme studies; does not fix but preserves glycogen

A

Ethanol (70 - 100%)

61
Q

Dry and wet smears, Bone Marrow smears, bacterial smears

A

Methanol / Wood Alcohol (100%)

62
Q

Touch prep smears to be Wright-stained

A

Isopropanol

63
Q

For mucopolysaccharide (12-18 hrs)

A

Newcomer’s Fluid

64
Q

For sputum (4 - 18hrs)

A

Gendre’s (Alcoholic Formalin)

65
Q

tissue to fixative ratio of osmotic fixatives

A

1:5

66
Q

Most common osmic acid fixative and is a nuclear fixative

A

Flemming’s Solution w/ GAC

67
Q

a cytoplasmic fixative

A

Flemming’s Solution w/o GAC

68
Q

○ Incorporated into compound fixatives
○ Marked swelling effect on tissues
○ Poor penetration thus for small pieces of
tissues or bones
○ Weak decalcifying agent, this has
softening effect on dense fibrous tissues

A

Trichloroacetic Acid

69
Q

Use at ice cold temperature (-5 to 4oC)

A

Acetone

70
Q

Involves thermal coagulation of tissue proteins for rapid diagnosis

A

heat fixation

71
Q

optimum temperature for heat fixation

A

45-55 degrees celsius

72
Q

To improve the demonstration of particular substances

A

secondary fixation

73
Q

Technique whereby a primary fixed tissue is placed in aq. Solution of 2.5% - 3%
potassium dichromate for 24hrs

A

post-chromatization

74
Q

process of removing excess fixatives (washing out)

A

tap water
50%-70% alcohol
alcohol iodine

HISTOPATHOLOGY (16 decks)

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