Final Study Med-121 Flashcards
cardi/o
heart
Ex: cardiology, pericardium
arthr/o
joint
Ex: arthroscope, arthritis
enter/o
small intestine
Ex: enteropathy, dysentery
gastr/o
stomach
Ex: gastrointestinal, gastritis
hepat/o
liver
Ex: hepatology, hepatitis
neur/o
nerve
Ex: neurology, neuralgia
hem/o, hemat/o
blood
Ex: hemorrhage, hematoma
my/o, muscul/o
muscle
Ex: myocardial, myalgia, musculoskeletal, muscular
angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o
vessel (blood vessel)
Ex: angioplasty, angiectomy, vasospasm, vasectomy, vasculopathy, vasculitis
derm/o, dermat/o, cutane/o
skin
Ex: dermoscopy, dermis, dermatology, dermatitis, subcutaneous,
pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/o
lung
Ex: pneumotomy, pneumonia, pneumonitis, pulmonologist, cardiopulmonary
gen/o
creation, cause
Ex: pathogenic
hydro/o
water
Ex: hydrophobia, dehydration
morph/o
change
Ex: morphology
myc/o
fungus
Ex: dermatomycosis
necr/o
death
Ex: necrosis
orth/o
straight
Ex: orthodontist
path/o
suffering, disease
Ex: pathology
phag/o
eat
Ex: aphagia
plas/o
formation
Ex: hyperplasia
py/o
pus
Ex: pyorrhea, pyemia
scler/o
hard
Ex: scleroderma
sten/o
narrowing
Ex: stenosis
troph/o
nourishment, development
Ex: trophology, hypertrophy
xen/o
foreign
Ex: xenograft
-ac
pertaining to
Ex: cardiac
-al
pertaining to
Ex: skeletal
-ar
pertaining to
Ex: muscular
-ary
pertaining to
Ex: pulmonary
-eal
pertaining to
Ex: esophageal
-ic
pertaining to
Ex: medic
-tic
pertaining to
Ex: neurotic
-ous
pertaining to
Ex: subcutaneous
-ia
condition
Ex: pneumonia
-ism
condition
ExL autism
-ium
tissue, structure
Ex: pericardium
-y
condition, procedure
Ex: hypertrophy
-icle
small (make smaller)
Ex: ventricle
-ole
small (make smaller)
Ex: arteriole
-ule
small (make smaller)
Ex: pustule
-ula
small (make smaller)
Ex: uvula
-algia, -dynia
pain
Ex: myalgia, gastrogynia
-cele
hernia (a bulging of tissue into an area where it doesn’t belong)
Ex: hydrocele
-emia
blood condition
Ex: leukemia
-iasis
presence of
Ex: lithiasis
-itis
inflammation
Ex: arthritis
-lysis
loosen, break down
Ex: hemolysis
malacia
abnormal softening
Ex: osteomalacia
megaly
enlargement
Ex: hepatomegaly
-oid
resembling
Ex: keloid
-oma
tumor
Ex: melanoma
-osis
condition
Ex: thrombosis
-pathy
disease
Ex: myopathy
-penia
deficiency
Ex: leukopenia
-ptosis
drooping
Ex: nephroptosis
-rrhage, -rrhagia
excessive flow
ExL hemorrhage, menorrhagia
-rrhea
flow
Ex: diarrhea
-rrhexis
rupture
Ex: metrorrhexis
-spasm
involuntary contraction
Ex: myospasm
-centesis
puncture
Ex: amniocentesis
-gram
written record
Ex: cardiogram
-graph
instrument used to produce a record
Ex: cardiograph
-graphy
writing procedure
Ex: cardiography
-meter
instrument used to measure
Ex: cephalometer
-metry
process of measuring
Ex: cephalometry
-scope
instrument used to look
Ex: arthroscope
-scopy
process of looking
Ex: arthroscopy
-ectomy
removal
Ex: vasectomy
-pexy
surgical fixation
Ex: retinopexy
-desis
binding, fixation
Ex: arthrodesis
-rrhaphy
suture
Ex: herniorrhaphy
-plasty
reconstruction
Ex: rhinoplasty
-stomy
creation of an opening
Ex: colostomy
-tomy
incision
Ex: dermotomy
a-, an-
not
Ex: aphasia, anemia
anti-, contra-
against
Ex: antibiotics, contraceptives
de-
down, away from
Ex: dehydration
ante-, pre-
before
Ex: antepartum, precondition
pro-
before, on behalf of
Ex: probiotic
brady-
slow
Ex: bradycardia
tachy-
fast
Ex: tachycardia
post-
after
Ex: postpartum
re-
again
Ex: rehabilitation
ab-
away
Ex: abduct
ad-
toward
Ex: adrenaline
circum-, peri-
around
Ex: circumcision, pericardium
dia-, trans-
through
Ex: diagnostic, translate
e-, ec-, ek-, ex-
out
Ex: evoke, ectopic, exhale
ecto-, exo-, extra-
outside
Ex: ectoderm, exoskeleton
en-, endo-, intra-
in, inside
Ex: enema, endocrine, intravenous
epi
upon
Ex: epididymus
sub-
beneath
Ex: subcutaneous
inter-
between
Ex: intercostal
acute
it just started recently or is a sharp, severe symptom
chronic
it has been going on for a while now
exacerbation
it is getting worse
abrupt
all of a sudden
febrile
to have a fever
afebrile
to not have a fever
malaise
not feeling well
progressive
more and more each day
symptom
something a patient feels
noncontributory
not related to this specific problem
lethargic
a decrease in level of consciousness, an indication that the patient is really sick
genetic/heridary
it runs in the family
alert
able to answer questions, responsive, interactive
oriented
being aware of who they are, where they are, and the current time
a patient who is aware of all 3 is “oriented x3”
marked
it really stands out
unremarkable
another way of saying normal
auscultation
to listen
percussion
to hit something and listen to the resulting sound or feel for the resulting vibration
palpation
to feel
impression
another way of saying assessment
diagnosis
what the health care professional thinks the patient has
differential diagnosis
a list of conditions the patient may have based on the symptoms exhibited and the results of the exam
degeneration
to be getting worse
remission
to get better or improve, most often used when discussion case (does not mean cure)
idiopathic
(no known specific cause, it just happens)
localized
stays in a certain part of the body
systemic/generalized
all over the body (or most of it)
prognosis
the chances for things getting better or worse
occult
hidden
lesion
diseased tissue
recurrent
to have again
sequela
a problem resulting from a disease or injury
pending
waiting for
pathogen
the organism that causes the problem
morbidity
the risk for being sick
mortality
the risk for dying
etiology
the cause
disposition
what happened to the patient at the end of the visit
discharge
to unload
1. to send home (to unload the patient from the health care setting)
2. fluid coming out of a part of the body (body unloading fluid)
palliative
treating the symptoms, but not actually getting right of the cause
supportive care
to treat the symptoms and make the patient feel better
sterile
extremely clean, germ-free conditions, especially important during medical procedures and surgery
prophylaxis
preventive treatment
proximal
closer in to the center
distal
farther away from the center
lateral
out to the side
medial
toward the middle
ventral/antral/anterior
the front
ventral = stomach
dorsal/posterior
the back
cranial
toward the top
caudal
toward the bottom
superior
above
inferior
below
prone
lying down on belly
supine
lying down on back (on spine!)
contralateral
opposite side
ipsilateral
same side
dorsum
top of the hand or foot
plantar
the sole of the foot
palmar
the palm of the hand
sagittal plane
divides the body along a hypothetical plane from right to left (wearing a satchel splits it in half)
coronal plane
divides the body along a hypothetical plane from front to back (like someone putting a crown on the head)
transverse plane
divides the body from top to bottom
past surgical history
any of the patient’s past surgeries
social history
a record of habits like smoking, drinking, drug abuse, and sexual practices that can impact health
VS
vital signs
T
temperature
BP
blood pressure
HR
heart rate
RR
respiratory rate
Ht
height
Wt
weight
BMI
body mass index (measurement of body fat based on height and weight)
I/O
intake/output: the amount of fluids patient has taken in (by IV or mouth) and produced (usually just urine output)
Dx
diagnosis
DDx
differential diagnosis
Tx
treatment
Rx
prescription
H&P
history and physical
Hx
history
CC
chief complain (main reason for the visit)
HPI
history of present illness (the story of the symptoms)
ROS
review of systems (anything else not directly related to the chief complaint)
PMHx
past medical history
other significant past illnesses, like high blood pressure, asthma, or diabetes
FHx
family history
any significant illnesses that run in the patient’s family
NKDA
no known drug allergies
PE
physical exam
SOB (SOA)
shortness of breath
(shortness of air)
HEENT
head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat
PERRLA
pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation
NAD
no acute distress (the patient does not display any intense symptoms)
CV
cardiovascular
RRR
regular rate and rhythm (description of a normal heart on exam)
CTA
clear to auscultation (description of normal-sounding lungs)
WDWN
well developed, well nourished (the patient is growing or has grown appropriately and does not appear to be malnourished)
A&O
alert and oriented (the patient can answer questions and is aware of what’s going on)
WNL
within normal limits
NOS
not otherwise specified
(catch-alls for diagnoses that don’t quite fit any specific cause, Ex: “rash NOS”)
NEC
not elsewhere classified
(catch-alls for diagnoses that don’t quite fit any specific cause, Ex: “rash NOS”)
PO
per os (by mouth)
NPO
nil per pos (nothing by mouth)
PR
per rectum (anal)
IM
intramuscular
SC
subcutaneous (under the skin)
IV
intravenous
CVL
central venous line
PICC
peripherally inserted central catheter
Sig
label
BID
twice daily
TID
three times daily
Q
every __
Ex: Q4hr = every 4 hours
QD
daily
QID
four times daily
(latin - quarter)
QHS
at night
AC
before meals
PC
after meals
prn
as needed
ad lib
as desired
adip/o, lip/o, steat/o
fat
Ex: adipocyte, lipoma, steatosis
pil/o, trich/o
hair
Ex: piloid, atrichosis
hidr/o
sweat
Ex: hyperhidrosis, hypohidrosis
squam/o
scale
Ex: squamous layer
squamous cells result in the scaly appearance of the epidermis
onych/o, ungu/o
nail
Ex: onychalgia, sunungual
seb/o, sebace/o
oil
Ex: sebolith, pilosebaceous
crypt/o
hidden
Ex: onychocryptosis (ingrown, hidden toenail)
kerat/o
hard, horny
Ex: keratosis, keratoderma
xer/o
dry
Ex: xeroderma
xanth/o
yellow
Ex: xanthoderma
erythr/o
red
Ex: erythroderma
leuk/o, alb/o
white
Ex: leukoderma, albinism
melan/o
black
Ex: melanoma
macule, macula
freckle
small, flat, discolored area
patch (vitiligo)
larger, flat, discolored area
papule
small bump (under 1cm)
a small solid mass
nodule
a solid mass
a bigger bump/papule (over 1cm)
plaque
a solid mass on the surface of the skin
large and flat bump (like a plateau)
tumor
a larger solid mass
vesicle
a smaller blister
small bump filled with clear fluid
bulla
blister
(larger vesicle)
pustule
a pus-filled blister/bump
abscess
a localized collection of pus in the body
(larger pustule)
fissure
a crack in the skin
ulcer
a sore
anesthetic
a drug that temporarily blocks sensation
antibiotic
a drug that destroys or opposes growth of microorganisms
antihistamine
a drug that opposes the effects of histamine
antipruritic
a drug that prevents or relieves itching
antiseptic
a drug that prevents sepsis (rotting of flesh) by killing microorganisms
ABCDE
asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving
Bx
biopsy
C&S
culture and sensitivity
ID
intradermal
SC/SQ
subcutaneous
-physis
growth
Ex: epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis
oste/o
bone
Ex: osteopathy, periosteum
crani/o
head, skull
Ex: craniometer, craniomalacia
cervic/o
neck
Ex: cervical spine, cervicitis
spondyl/o
vertebra
Ex: invertebrate, spondylitis
lumb/o
loin, lower back
Ex: lumbar, lumbodynia
brachi/o
arm
Ex: brachiocephalic, brachialgia
dactyl/o
finger
Ex: adactyly, dactylalgia
carp/o
wrist
Ex: carpectomy, metacarpal
cost/o
rib
Ex: costectomy, intercostal
femor/o
femur (thighbone)
Ex: femoral artery
The femur is the strongest bone in the body
tibi/o
tibia (shinbone)
Ex: tibialgia
tars/o
ankle
Ex: tarsitis, tarsalgia
tendons
hold muscle to bone
ligaments
hold bone to bone
cartilage
surrounds bones at the joints and allow smooth movement among them
chondr/o
cartilage
Ex: chondritis, chondrodynia
burs/o
bursa
Ex: bursitis, bursectomy
Bursa is a small fluid-filled sac found near the body’s joints that reduce friction and act as cushions
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone)
Ex: tenodynia, tendolysis, tendinitis
fasci/o
fascia (fibrous connective tissue that bind muscles together)
Ex: fasciotomy, fasciitis
ton/o
muscle tone, tension, pressure
Ex: dystonia, tonograph
kinesi/o, kinet/o
movement, motion
ankyl/o
stiff, bent
Ex: ankylosis, ankylodactyly
tax/o
arrangement, order, coordination
Ex: ataxia, hypotaxia
scoliosis
crooked back, abor
analgesic
a drug that relieves pain
antiarthritic
a drug that opposes joint inflammation
anti-inflammatory
a drug that opposes inflammation
antipyretic
a drug that opposes fever
orthotics
a device that aids in the straightening or stabilizing of a part of the body
prosthesis
a device that is added to a body to replace a missing part or lost function
cerebr/o, encephal/o
brain
Ex: cerebropathy, cerebrospinal, encephalitis, encephalogram
cerebell/o
cerebellum
Ex: cerebellar, cerebellitis
(“little brain” controls voluntary movements)
lob/o
lobe
Ex: lobotomy, lobectomy
cephal/o
head
Ex: microcephaly, macrocephaly
mening/o, meningi/o
meninges (membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord)
Ex: meningitis, meningopathy
dur/o
dura (tough outer membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord)
Ex: spidural, subdural hematoma
gangli/o
nerve bundle
Ex: ganglion, gangliitis
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
Ex: myelitis, myelodysplasia
esthesi/o
feeling, sensation
Ex: anesthesia, hyperesthesia
phas/o
speech
Ex: aphasia
phren/o, pysch/o
mind
Ex: phrenetic, psychology
somn/o, somn/i, hypn/o
sleep
Ex: somnography, insomnia, hypnosis, somnaumbulation
gnosi/o
know
Ex: agnosia, diagnosis, prognosis
-mania
excessive desire
Ex: pyromania, kleptomania
-phobia
excessive fear or sensitivity
Ex: arachnophobia (fear of spiders), triskaidekaphobia (fear of the number 13)
-paresis
slight or partial paralysis
Ex: hemiparesis
-plegia
paralysis
Ex: quadriplegia
-asthenia
weakness
Ex: myasthenia, phonasthenia
interical
time between seizures
postictal
time after a seizure
preictal
time before a seizure
clonus
muscle spasm or twitching
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
an accident involving the blood vessels of the brain (stroke)
stroke
loss of brain function caused by interruption of blood flow/supply to the brain
hemorrhagic stroke
a stroke where the blood loss is caused by the rupture of a blood vessel
ischemic stroke
a stroke where the blood loss is caused by a blockage
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
a “mini-stroke” caused by the blockage of a blood vessel, which resolves (goes away) within 24 hours
ocul/o, ophthalm/o, opt/o
eye
Ex: oculopathy, ophthalmologists, optometrist
lacrim/o, dacry/o
tear
Ex: lacrimation, dacryorrhea
-opia, -opsia
vision condition
Ex: hyperopia, akinetopsia
blephar/o
eyelid
Ex: blepharedema, blepharoplasty
corne/o, kerat/o
cornea
Ex: corneal transplant, keratitis
conjunctiv/o
conjunctiva (clear membrane that covers the sclera and lines the eyelids)
Ex: conjunctivitis (pink eye)
scler/o
sclera (the white of the eye)
Ex: scleritis
vitre/o
vitreous liquid/vitreous humor (liquid in the eye that helps focus light on the back of the retina)
Ex: vitreous liquid, vitrectomy
cycl/o
ciliary body (circle of tissue surrounding the lens)
Ex: cycloplegia
retin/o
retina
Ex: retinitis, retinoscope
ir/o, irid/o
iris (colored part of the eye responsible for adjusting the size of the pupil to control the amount of light that enters the eye)
Ex: iritis, iridalgia
phac/o, phak/o
lens
Ex: phacoscope, phakitis
aur/o, ot/o
ear
Ex: aural, otoscope
acous/o, audi/o
sound hearing
Ex: acoustic, audiogram
-acusis
hearing condition
Ex: hyperacusis, osteoacusis
cerumin/o
ear wax
Ex: ceruminolysis
salping/o
eustachian tube
Ex: rhinosalpingitis
tympan/o, myring/o
eardrum
Ex: tympanostomy, myringotomy
mastoid/o
mastoid process
Ex: mastoiditis (part of skull protruding behind ear)
labyrinth/o
labyrinth: inntermost part of the ear containing the cochlea (control hearing) and vestibular system (control balance)
Ex: labyrinthitis
vestibul/o
vestibule
Ex: vestibulitis (structures that help regulate balance)
cochle/o
cochlea (spiral, snail shell-shaped tube in the inner ear that contains hearing receptors)
Ex: cochleitis
OD
right eye
OS
left eye
OU
both eyes
VA
visual activity
VF
visual field
AD
right ear
AS
left ear
AU
both ears
