Chapter 4 (The Musculoskeletal System—Orthopedics) Flashcards
1
Q
osteocytes
A
bone cells
2
Q
epiphyseal plate
A
special growth centers in where bones grow (growth plates)
3
Q
metaphysis
A
where the growth center lies area between the end of the bone and the long shaft of the bone
4
Q
epiphysis
A
end of the bone
5
Q
diaphysis
A
long shaft of the bone
6
Q
-physis
A
growth
Ex: epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis
“Physics” comes from the Greek word “growth”
7
Q
A
8
Q
axial
A
the bones in the middle of the skeleton are in the axial part of your skeleton
9
Q
vertebrae
A
small bones that connect the spinal chord together
10
Q
4 sections of the spine
A
- cervical (neck)
- thoracic (chest/upper back)
- lumbar and sacral (lower back)
- costo (ribs)
11
Q
cervical spine
A
neck section
12
Q
thoracic spine
A
chest/upper back section
13
Q
lumbar and sacral spine
A
lower back
14
Q
costo spine
A
ribs (attach to the vertebrae at the thoracic section)
15
Q
oste/o
A
bone
Ex: osteopathy, periosteum
16
Q
crani/o
A
head, skull
Ex: craniometer, craniomalacia
17
Q
cervic/o
A
neck
Ex: cervical spine, cervicitis
18
Q
spondyl/o
A
vertebra
Ex: invertebrate, spondylitis
19
Q
lumb/o
A
lower back, loin
Ex: lumbar, lumbodynia
20
Q
brachi/o
A
arm
Ex: brachiocephalic, brachialgia
(“Brace” - used to refer to armor covering knight’s upper arm)
21
Q
dactyl/o
A
finger
Ex: adactyly, dactylalgia
(pterodactyl - “winged fingers”
22
Q
carp/o
A
wrist
Ex: carpectomy, metacarpal, carpal tunnel syndrome (area in the wrist where the nerves enter the hand, repetitive motions using the wrist can cause the nerve to swell, press against the walls of the carpal tunnel, resulting in numbness in the hand)
23
Q
cost/o
A
rib
Ex: costectomy, intercostal
24
Q
femor/o
A
femur (thighbone)
Ex: femoral artery
the femur is the strongest bone in the human bone
25
tibi/o
tibia (shinbone)
Ex: tibiaglia
(the term "tibia" originally meant flute)
26
tars/o
ankle
Ex: tarsitis, tarsalgia
(Latin word "terra" means "earth" because it is the body part touches the terra most)
27
flexion
when a joint bends
28
extension
when a joint straightens
29
abduction
the widening of a joint to move parts away from the body
30
joints
connect muscles to each other
31
tendons
hold muscle to bone
32
ligaments
hold bone to bone
33
cartilage
surrounds bone at the joints and allows smooth movement among them
34
bursae
a bursa is a small fluid-filled sac found near the body's joints, they refuse friction and act as cushions (come from the Greek word "purse" or "bag")
35
chondr/o
cartilage
Ex: chondritis, chondrodynia
(hypochondriacs - their beliefs come from deep within the rib cage)
36
burs/o
bursa
Ex: bursitis, bursectomy
a bursa is a small fluid-filled sac found near the body's joints, they refuse friction and act as cushions (come from the Greek word "purse" or "bag")
37
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone)
Ex: tenodynia, tendolysis, tendinitis
38
muscul/o, my/o, myos/o
muscle
Ex: musculoskeletal, myopathy, myositis
39
fasci/o
fascia (fibrous connective tissue binding muscles together)
Ex: fasciotomy, fasciitis
Fasciae are fibrous connective tissues that bind muscle together
40
fascia
fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles together (thick membrane helps keep muscle together)
41
ton/o
tone, tension
Ex: dystonia, tonograph
42
kinesi/o
movement, motion
Ex: kinesiology, hyperkinesia, akinetopsia (where a pereson can see an object if it is still, but unable to see it if it is moving)
43
tax/o
arrangement, order, coordination
Ex: ataxia, hypotaxia
44
ankyl/o
stiff, bent
Ex: ankylosis, ankylodactyly
45
costalgia
kaws-TAL-jee-ah
rib pain
cost (rib)
algia (pain)
46
metatarsalgia
MET-ah-tar-SAL-jee-ah
pain in the bones of the foot
meta (after)
tars (ankle)
algia (pain)
47
ostalgia
aws-TAL-jee-ah
bone pain
ost (bone)
algia (pain)
48
osteodynia
AWS-tee-oh-DIN-ee-ah
bone pain
osteo (bone)
dynia (pain)
49
spondylodynia
SPAWN-dih-loh-DIN-ee-ah
vertebra pain
spondylo (vertebra)
dynia (pain)
50
tibialgia
TIB-ee-AL-jee-ah
tibia (shin) pain
tibi (tibia)
algia (pain)
51
ankylosis
ANG-kih-LOH-sis
joint stiffness
ankyl (stiff)
osis (condition)
52
arthralgia
ar-THRAL-jee-ah
joint pain
arthr (joint)
algia (pain)
53
arthrodynia
AR-thoh-DIN-ee-ah
joint pain
arthro (joint)
dynia (pain)
54
cervicodynia
SIR-vih-koh-DIN-ee-ah
neck pain
cervico (neck)
dynia (pain)
55
crepitation
krep-ih-TAY-shun
a crackling sound heard in joints
56
genu valgum
JEH-nyoo VAL-gum
knock-kneed, knee pointed in
57
genu varum
JEH-neyoo VAH-rum
bowlegged, knee bowed out
58
bradykinesia
BRAD-ee-kih-NEE-see-ah
slow motion
brady (slow)
kinesia (movement)
59
dyskinesia
DIS-kih-nee-zhee-ah
inability to control movement
dys (bad)
kinesia (movement)
60
dystaxia
dis-TAK-see-ah
poor coordination
dys (bad)
taxia (coordination)
61
dystonia
dis-TOH-nee-ah
poor muscle tone
dys (bad)
tonia (muscle tone)
62
graphospasm
GRAF-oh-spazm
writer's cramp
grapho (write)
spasm (involuntary contraction)
63
hyperkinesia
HAI-per-kih-NEE-zhee-ah
increase in muscle movement or activity
hyper (over)
kinesia (movement)
64
hypertonia
HAI-per-TOH-nee-ah
increased muscle tone or tightness
hyper (over)
tonia (muscle tone)
65
hypokinesia
HAI-poh-kih-NEE-zhee-ah
decrease in muscle movement or activity
hypo (under)
kinesia (movement)
66
hypotonia
HAI-poh-TOH-nee-ah
decrease in muscle tone or tightness
hypo (under)
tonia (muscle tone)
67
myalgia
mai-AL-jee-ah
muscle pain
my (muscle)
algia (pain
68
myasthenia
MAI-as-THEE-nee-ah
muscle weakness
my (muscle)
asthenia (weakness)
69
myodynia
MAI-oh-DIN-ee-ah
muscle pain
myo (muscle)
dynia (pain)
70
myospasm
MAI-oh-spazm
muscle spasm
myo (muscle)
spasm (involuntary contraction)
71
tenalgia
te-NAL-jee-ah
tendon pain
ten( tendon)
algia (pain)
72
arthrocentesis
AR-throh-sen-TEE-sis
puncture of a joint
arthro (joint)
centesis (puncture)
73
arthroscope
AR-throh-SKOHP
instrument for looking into a joint
arthro (joint)
scope (instrument to look)
74
arthroscopy
ar-THRAWS-koh-pee
procedure of looking into a joint
arthro (joint)
scopy (procedure to look)
75
electromyogram
eh-LEK-troh--MAI-oh-gram
a record of the electrical activity of a muscle
electro (electricity)
myo (muscle)
gram (record)
76
electromyography
eh-LEK-troh-mai-AWG-rah-fee
procedure for measuring the electrical activity of a muscle
electro (electricity)
myo (muscle)
graphy (writing procedure)
77
myography
mai-AWG-rah-fee
procedure for studying muscles
myo (muscle)
graphy (writing procedure)
78
arthrogram
AR-throh-GRAM
visual record of a joint
arthro (joint)
gram (record)
79
arthrography
ar-THRAWG-ra-fee
procedure used to examine a joint
arthro (joint)
graphy (writing procedure)
80
computed axial tomography (CAT or CT)
imaging procedure using a computer to produce cross sections along an axis
axi (axis)
al (pertaining to)
tomo (cut)
graphy (writing procedure)
81
kyphosis
kai-FOH-sis
humped back, abnormal forward curvature of the upper spine
kyph (bent)
osis (condition)
82
lordosis
lor-DOH-sis
sway back, abnormal forward curvature of the lower spine
lord (bent backward)
osis (condition)
83
scoliosis
SKOH-lee-OH-sis
crooked back, abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
scoli (crooked)
osis (condition)
84
carpitis
kar-PAI-tis
wrist inflammation
carp (wrist)
itis (inflammation)
85
craniomalacia
kray-nee-oh-mah-LAY-shee-ah
softening of the skull
cranio (skull)
malacia (softening)
86
exostosis
EK-sos-toh-sis
an abnormal growth of bone out of another bone
ex (out)
ost (bone)
osis (condition)
87
fracture
FRAK-chur
a bone break
88
osteodystrophy
AWS-tee-oh-DIS-troh-fee
poor bone development
osteo (bone)
dys (bad)
trophy (nourshment)
89
osteolysis
AWS-tee-awl-ih-sis
bone loss
osteo (bone)
lysis (loss)
90
osteonecrosis
AWS-tee-oh-neh-KROH-sis
death of bone
osteo (bone)
necr (death)
osis (condition)
91
osteosclerosis
AWS-tee-oh-skleh-ROH-sis
abnormal hardening of bone
osteo (bone)
scler (hardening)
osis (condition)
92
polydactyly
PAWL-ee-DAK-tih-lee
having more than the normal number of fingers or toes
poly (many)
dactyl (fingers)
y (condition)
93
spondylitis
spawn-dih-LAIT-is
vertebra inflammation
spondyl (vertebra)
itis (inflammation)
94
spondylomalacia
SPAWN-dih-loh-mah-LAY-shee-ah
softening of the vertebra
spondylo (vertebra)
malacia (softening)
95
syndactyly
sin-DAK-tih-lee
fusion (webbing) of fingers or toes
syn (together)
dactyl (finger)
y (condition)
96
tarsoptosis
TAR-sawp-TOH-sis
flat feet
tarso (ankle)
ptosis (drooping condition)
97
bursolith
BIR-soh-lith
a stone in a bursa
burso (bursa)
lith (stone)
98
effusion
ee-FYOO-zhun
fluid buildup
ef (out)
fusion (pour)
99
hemarthrosis
hem-ar-THROH-sis
blood in a joint
hem (blood)
arthro (joint)
osis (condition)
100
hydrarthrosis
HAI-drar-THROH-sis
water (fluid) in a joint
hydr (water)
arthr (joint)
osis (condition)
101
pyarthrosis
PAI-ar-THROH-sis
pus in a joint
py (pus)
arthr (joint)
osis (condition)
102
atrophy
A-troh-fee
underdevelopment, decrease, or loss of muscle tissue
a (no)
trophy (norishment)
103
hypertrophy
hai-PER-troh-fee
overdevelopment of muscle tissue
hyper (over)
trophy (norishment)
104
myocele
MAI-oh-seel
hernia of muscle tissue
myo (muscle)
cele (hernia)
105
myolysis
mai-AWL-ih-sis
loss of muscle tissue
myo (muscle)
lysis (loss)
106
myomalacia
MAI-oh-mah-LAY-see-ah
softening of a muscle
myo (muscle)
malacia (softening)
107
myosclerosis
MAI-oh-skler-OH-sis
hardening of a muscle
myo (muscle)
scler (hardening)
osis (condition)
108
myotasis
mai-AWT-ah-sis
stretching of a muscle
myo (muscle)
tasis (expansion)
109
myotonia
MAI-oh-TOH-nee-ah
muscle tone
myo (muscle)
tonia (tone)
110
ankylosing spondylitis
ANG-kih-LOH-sing spawn-dih-LAI-tis
a stiffening inflammation of the vertebrae
ankylos (stiffen)
ing (causing)
spondyl (vertebra)
itis (inflammation)
111
chonroosteodystrophy
KAWN-droh-AWS-tee-oh-DIS-troh-fee
poor development of bones and cartilage
chondro (cartilage)
osteo (bone)
dys (bad)
trophy (nourishment)
112
craniosynostosis
KRAY-nee-oh-SIN-AWS-toh-sis
the premature fusing of the skull bones
cranio (skull)
syn (together)
ost (bone)
osis (condition)
113
dactylitis
DAK-tih-LAI-tis
finger inflammation
dactyl (finger)
itis (inflammation)
114
hypertrophic spondylitis
HAI-per-TROH-fik spawn-dih-LAI-tis
overdevelopment of the vertebrae causing inflammation
hyper (over)
trophic (nourishment)
spondyl (vertebra)
itis (inflammation)
115
osteitis
AWS-tee-AIT-is
bone inflammation
oste (bone)
itis (inflammation)
116
osteochondritis
AWS-tee-oh-KON-DRAIT-is
inflammation of bone and cartilage
osteo (bone)
chondr (cartilage)
itis (inflammation)
117
osteogenesis imperfecta
AWS-tee-oh-JIN-eh-sis IM-per-FEK-tah
a disease in which the bones do no develop correctly, also known as brittle bone disease
osteo (bone)
genesis (creation)
im (not)
perfecta (complete)
118
osteomalacia
AWS-tee-oh-mah-LAY-shee-ah
softening of the bone
osteo (bone)
malacia (softening)
119
osteomyelitis
AWS-tee-oh-MAI-eh-LAIT-is
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
osteo (bone)
myel (marrow)
itis (inflammation)
120
osteopathy
AWS-tee-AWP-ah-thee
bone disease
osteo (bone)
pathy (disease)
121
osteopenia
AWS-tee-oh-PEE-nee-ah
reduction in bone volume
osteo (bone)
penia (deficiency)
122
osteoporosis
AWS-tee-oh-poh-ROH-sis
loss of bone density
osteo (bone)
por (pore)
osis (condition)o
123
spinal stenosis
SPAI-nal stih-NOH-sis
abnormal narrowing of the spine
spinal (spine)
sten (narrow)
osis (condition)
124
spondyloarthropathy
SPAWN-dih-loh-ar-THRAWP-ah-thee
joint disease of the vertebrae
spondylo (vertebra)
arthro (joint)
pathy (disease)
125
spondylolisthesis
SPAWN-dih-loh-lis-THEE-sis
the slipping or dislocation of a vertebra
126
spondylolysis
SPAWN-dih-LOL-ih-sis
loss of vertebra structure
spondyl (vertebra)
lysis (loss)
127
spondylosis
SPAWN-dih-LOH-sis
vertebra condition
spondyl (vertebra)
osis (condition)
128
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
129
Fx
fracture
130
MCL
medial collateral ligament
131
LCL
lateral collateral ligament
132
PCL
posterior cruciate ligament
133
C1-C7
cervical vertebrae
134
T1-T12
thoracic (of the chest) vertebrae
135
L1-L5
lumbar (of the loin) vertebrae
136
S1-S5
sacral vertebrae
137
DTR
deep tendon reflex (what doctors are testing when they tap the knee with a reflex hammer)
138
EMG
electromyogram
139
FROM
full range of motion
140
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
141
OA
osteoarthritis
142
ORIF
open reduction internal fixation
143
PT
physical therapy
144
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
145
RICE
rest, ice, compression, elevation
146
ROM
range of motion
147
WB
weight bearing
148
WBAT
weight bearing as tolerated
149
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
commonly used medicine to treat musculoskeletal problems designed to decrease pain (analgesic) and inflammation (anti-inflammatory)
Ex: ibuprofen
150
orthotics
OR-THAWT-iks
a device that aids in the straightening or stabilizing of a part of the body
ortho (straight)
tics (agent)
Ex: show insert
151
physical therapy
patients exercise and stretch in order to heal injuries
152
reduction
returning bones to their proper position
closed reduction - without surgery
open reduction - surgically
153
analgesic
AN-al-JEE-zik
a drug that relieves pain
an (no)
alge (pain)
sic (agent)
154
antipyretic
ANT-ai-pai-RET-ik
a drug that opposes fever
anti (against)
pyre (fever)
tic (agent)
155
prosthesis
praws-THEE-sis
a device that is added to a body to replace a missing part or lost function
pros (toward)
thesis (place)
