Chapter 7 (The Endocrine System - Endocrinology) Flashcards

1
Q

hypothalamus

A

makes and releases hormones that direct glands
main role is to direct the activity of the pituitary gland (via chemicals called releasing hormones)

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2
Q

male gonads

A

testes produce male hormone testosterone

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3
Q

female gonads

A

ovaries secrete estrogen which help the body develop female attributes and help prepare the body for pregnancy

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4
Q

gland

A

aden/o

Ex: adenoma, adenopathy

Glands send and make signals within the endocrine system. This root refers to any gland (commonly used).

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5
Q

adrenal gland

A

adren/o, adrenal/o

Ex: adrenarche, adrenalitis

makes the flight-or-flight hormone, adrenaline

“adrenal” describes where this gland is located: on the kidney (ad=to,on + renal=kidney)

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6
Q

outer surface

A

cortic/o

Ex: corticotropic, adrenocorticohyperplasia

refers to the outer surface of any organ

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7
Q

gonads (sex organs)

A

gonad/o

Ex: gonadopathy, gonadogenesis

help with reproduction and with expression of male/female characteristics

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8
Q

pancreas

A

pancreat/o

Ex: pancreatitis, pancreatolith

both an endocrine gland and gastrointestinal organ, as a gland, it sends hormones directly into the bloodstream that help keep the blood sugar level in balance

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9
Q

pituitary gland

A

pituitar/o, hypophys/o

Ex: hyperpituitarism, hypophysitis

pea-sized gland under the brain, origin of many important hormones (critical part of endocrine system)

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10
Q

thymus

A

thym/o

Ex: thymoma, thymectomy

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11
Q

thyroid

A

thyr/o, thryoid/o

Ex: thyrotoxin, thyroidectomy

makes hormones (T3 and T4) that affect that body’s metabolism, as well as a hormone that helps control the level of calcium in the blood.

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12
Q

sugar

A

gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o

Ex: glucocorticoid, glucosuria, hypoglycemia

glucose (which requires insulin to break it down) is the universal fuel of all living things and used in brain functions

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13
Q

to secrete

A

crin/o

Ex: endocrine, exocrine

endocrine = “to secrete internally” referring to chemicals secreted into the bloodsteams

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14
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulate the outer part of the adrenal gland

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15
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates the thyroid gland

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16
Q

luteinizing (LH) & follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulate the gonads

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17
Q

T3 & T4

A

thyroid hormones that affect metabolism

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18
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

higher-than-normal metabolism (everything speeds up)
leads to weight loss, increased hunger, diarrhea, and nervousness

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19
Q

hypothyroidism

A

slowed down metabolism (everything slows down)
leads to weight gain, decreased energy and appetite, and constipation

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20
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone released by the thyroid that encourages the uptake of calcium in the blood into bone

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21
Q

insulin

A

hormone made in the pancreas
decreases the level of sugar in the blood, encourages cells to open up to the blood sugar (glucose) and take it in

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22
Q

glucagon

A

hormone made in the pancreas
works against insulin, tells the liver to make more sugar and thus increase the level of sugar in the blood

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23
Q

epinephrine

A

made in the inner part of the adrenal gland
fight-or-flight response, increases heart rate and opens airway to more oxygen

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24
Q

corticosteroids

A

made in the outer part of the adrenal gland (cortex)
steroid hormones that deal with mineral balance (mineralcorticoids) and sugar balance (glucocorticoids)

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25
glycemia
checking the glucose level in the blood
26
hormone
hormon/o Ex: hormonopoesis hormones are chemicals secreted by certain glands for the purpose of stimulating an organ or part of the body to do something
27
ketone body
ket/o Ex: ketosis, ketogenic a ketone body is a substance that increases in the blood as a result of faulty carbohydrate metabolism, they're toxic chemicals that build up in the blood and detectable in the urine. When there isn't enough insulin in the blood, the body cannot use sugar for energy, so it breaks down fats instead. The presence of ketone bodies is normally a sign of untreated or poorly controlled diabetes
28
stimulating hormone
-tropin Ex: thyrotropin, gonadotropin refers to a hormone that has a stimulating effect on a target organ
29
blood condition
-emia Ex: glycemia, calcemia because the endocrine system deals with internal secretions, a blood analysis (analysis of a secretion of the body) is usually best way to detect problems
30
urine condition
-uria Ex: polyuria substances in the urine can be useful clues in diagnosing endocrine problems
31
adenalgia AD-en-AL-jah
pain in a gland aden - gland algia - pain
32
adrenal virilism a-DREE-nal-VIR-il-izm
development of male secondary sexual characteristics caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal gland adrenal viril - man ism - condition
33
adrenarche AD-re-NAR-kee
beginning of adrenal secretion (at puberty) adren - adrenal arche - beginning
34
hirsutism HIR-soo-tizm
excessive growth of facial and body hair in women
35
amenorrhea ah-MEN-oh-REE-ah
lack of menstrual flow a-no meno - menstrual rrhea - flow
36
gynecomastia GAI-neh-koh-MAS-tee-ah
development of breast tissue in males gyneco - woman mast - breast ia - condition
37
hypergonadism HAI-per-GOH-nad-izm
condition in which there is excessive secretion of the sex glands hyper - over gonad - gonad ism - condition
38
hypogonadism HAI-poh-GOH-nad-izm
condition in which there is undersecretion of the sex glands hypo - under gonad - gonad ism - condition
39
menarche men-ARK-kee
beginning or first menstruation men - menstrual arche - beginning
40
thelarche thee-LAR-kee
beginning of breast development thel - breast arche - beginning
41
hypoglycemic HAI-poh-glai-SEE-mik
pertaining to low blood sugar hypo-under glyc - sygar em - blood ic - pertaining to
42
pancreatalgia PAN-kree-ah-TAL-jee-ah
pain in the pancreas pancreat - pancreas algia - pain
43
polydipsia PAWL-ee-DIP-see-ah
excessive thirst poly - excessive dips - thirst ia - condition
44
polyphagia PAWL-ee-FAY-jee-ah
excessive eating poly - excessive phag - eating ia - condition
45
polyuria PAWL-ee-YOOR-ee-ah
excessive urination poly - excessive uria - urination
46
acromegaly AK-roh-MEG-ah-lee
abnormal enlargement of the extremeties acro - extremities megaly - abnormal enlargement
47
galactorrhea gah-LAK-toh-REE-ah
discharge of milk galacto - milk rrhea - discharge
48
pituitary dwarfism pih-TOO-ih-TER-ee DWAR-fizm
abnormally short height caused by undersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland
49
pituitary gigantism pih-TOO_ih-TER-ee jai-GAN-tizm
abnormally tall height caused by oversecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland
50
exophthalmos EKS-of-THAL-mohs
protrusion of the eyes of the eye socket ex - out ophthalmos - eye
51
goiter GOYT-er
swollen thyroid gland
52
thyrocele THAI-roh-seel
another name for goiter thyro - thyroid cele - tumor
53
thyromegaly THAI-roh-MEG-ah-lee
enlargement of the thyroid thyro - thyroid megaly - enlargement
54
thyroiptosis THAI-rop=TOH-sis
downward displacement (drooping) of the thyroid thyro - thyroid ptosis - drooping condition
55
-tropins
hormones that "turn on" an organ Ex: adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland / gonadotropins (LH and FSH)
56
what can we test to see the results of hormones?
blood (-emia) and urine (-uria)
57
acidemia AS-ih-DEE-mee-ah
abnormal acidity of the blood acid - acid emia - blood
58
alkalemia AL-kah-LEE-mee-ah
abnormal alkalinity (opposite of acidity, strong base) of the blood alkal - alkali emia - blood condition
59
calciuria KAL-sih-YOO-ree-ah
calcium in the urine calci - calcium uria - urine condition
60
chloremia KLOH-ree-mee-ah
increase chloride in the blood chlor - chloride emia - blood condition
61
euglycemia YOO-glai-SEE-mee-ah
good blood sugar eu - good glyc - sugar emia - blood condition
62
glucosuria GLOO-koh-SOO-ree-ah
sugar in the urine glucos - sugar uria - urine condition
63
hypercalcemia HAI-per-kal-SEE-mee-ah
excessive calcium in the blood hyper - over calc - calcium emia - blood condition
64
hypercholesterolemia HAI-per-koh-LES-ter-awl-EE-mee-ah
excessive cholesterol in the blood hyper - excessive cholesterol - cholesterol emia - blood condition
65
hyperglycemia HAI-per-glai-SEE-mee-ah
high blood sugar hyper - excessive glyc - sugar emia - blood condition
66
hyperkalemia HAI-per-kah-LEE-mee-ah
excessive potassium in the blood hyper - excessive kal - potassium emia - blood condition
67
hyperlipidemia HAI-per-LIP-ih-DEE-mee-ah
excessive fat in the blood hyper - excessive lipid - fat emia - blood condition
68
hypernatremia HAI-per-nah-TREE-mee-ah
excessive sodium in the blood hyper - excessive natr - sodium emia - blood condition
69
hyperphosphatemia HAI-per-FAWS-fay-TEE-mee-ah
excessive phosphate in the blood hyper - excessive phosphat - phosphate emia - blood condition
70
hypoglycemia HAI-poh-glai-SEE-mee-ah
low blood sugar hypo - under glyc - sugar emia - blood condition
71
ketouria KEET-oh-NUR-ee-ah
ketone bodies in the urine keton - ketone uria - urine condition
72
polyuria PAWL-ee-YUR-ee-ah
excessive urination poly - excessive uria - urine condition
73
uremia yoo-REE-mee-ah
presence of urinary waste in the blood ur - urine emia - blood condition
74
adrenaline ah-DREN-ah-lin
hormone secreted by the adrenal gland (same as epinephrine, can use interchangeably) ad - on renal - kidney ine - chemical
75
epinephrine EP-ih-NEF-rin
hormone secreted by the adrenal gland (same as adrenaline, can use interchangeably) epi - upon nephr - kidney ine - chemical
76
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ah-DREH-noh-KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pik
hormone secreted by the pituitary gland the stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland adreno - adrenal cortico - cortex trop - stimulating ic - pertaining to
77
corticotropin KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pin
shorter name for the adrenocorticotropic hormone cortico - cortex tropin - stimulating
78
glucagon GLOO-kah-gawn
hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the liver to increase blood sugar levels gluc - sugar agon - lead
79
glucocorticoid GLOO-koh-KORT-ih-koyd
hormone produced by the adrenal cortex with a role in carbohydrate metablism gluco - sugar cortic - cortex oid - resembling
80
gonadotropin goh-NAD-oh-TROH-pin
hormone that stimulates the gonads gonado - gonad tropin - stimulating
81
insulin IN-suh-lin
hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls the metabolism and uptake of sugar and fats
82
thyrotropin THAI-roh-TROH-pin
hormone that stimulates the thyroid thyro - thyroid tropin - stimulating
83
adenomegaly AD-en-oh-MEG-ah-lee
abnormal enlargement of a gland adeno - gland megaly - enlargment
84
adrenomegaly ah-DREN-oh-MEG-ah-lee
abnormal enlargement of the adrenal gland adreno - adrenal megaly - enlargement
85
euthyroid YOO-thai-royd
normal functioning thyroid eu - good thyroid - thyroid
86
gluconeogenesis GLOO-koh-NEE-oh-JIN-eh-sis
formation of glucose from noncarbohydrates sources gluco - sugar neo - new genesis - formation
87
glycolysis glai-KAWL-ih-sis
breakdown of sugar (done in cells in order to release energy) glyco - sugar lysis - loosen
88
glycopenia GLAI-koh-PEE-nee-ah
deficiency of sugar glyco - sugar penia - deficiency
89
gonadogenesis goh-NAD-oh-JIN-eh-sis
creation/development of gonads gonado-gonad genesis - formation
90
metabolism meh-TAB-oh-LIZM
breakdown of matter into energy meta - over bol - throw ism - condition
91
endocrine EN-doh-krin
to secrete internally (into the bloodstream) endo - inside crine - secretion
92
endocrinologist EN-doh-krih-NAWL-oh-jist
specialist in internal secretions endo - inside crino - secretion logist - specialist
93
exocrine EKS-oh-krin
to secrete externally (through ducts to the surface of an organ i.e., sweat and salivary glands) exo - outside crine - secretion
94
glycemic index glai-SEE-mik
ranking of food based on the way it affects sugar levels in the blood glyc - sugar em - blood ic - pertaining to
95
ketogenesis KEET-oh-JIN-eh-sis
creation of ketone bodies keto-ketone genesis - formation
96
thyroid function tests
tests performed to evaluate the function of the thyroid
97
cholangiopancreatography koh-LAN-jee-oh-PANG-kree-ah-TAWG-rah-fee
procedures used to examine the bile ducts and pancrease chol - bile angio - vessel pancreato - pancreas graphy - writing procedure
98
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatoghraphy EN-doh-SKAWP-ik REH-troh-GRAYD koh-LLAN-jee-oh-PANG-kree-ah-TAWG-rah-fee
procedure used to examine the bile ducts and pancreas in which an endoscope is passed backward from the digestive tract into the bile duct endo - inside scop - looking ic - pertaining to retro - backward grade - step chol - bile angio - vessel pancreato - pancreas graphy - writing procedure
99
adenitis AD-eh-NAIT-is
inflammation of a gland aden - gland itis - inflammation
100
adenopathy AD-en-AWP-ah-thee
gland disease adeno - gland pathy - disease
101
adenosis AD-eh-NOH-sis
gland condition adeno - gland osis - condition
102
dysmetabolic syndrome
combination of medical disorders associated with faulty metabolism dys - bad metabolic - metabolism syn - together drome - running
103
ketosis kee-TOH-sis
condition characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood ket - ketone body osis - condition
104
polyadenopathy PAWL-ee-AD-en-AWP-ah-thee
disease involving many glands poly - many adeno - glands pathy - disease
105
adrenal insufficiency
condition i which the adrenal glands underproduce necessary hormones
106
adrenalitis ah-DREE-nah-LAI-tis
inflammation of the adrenal gland adrenal - adrenal itis - inflammation
107
adrenocortical insufficiency ah-DREE-noh-KORT-ih-kal
condition in which the adrenal cortex underproduces necessary hormones adreno - adrenal cortic - cortex al - pertaining to in - not sufficiency - adequate
108
adrenocorticohyperplasia ah-DREE-noh-KORT-ih-koh-HAI-per-PLAY-zhah
overdevelopment of the cortex of the adrenal gland adreno - adrenal cortico - cortex hyper - over plasia - formation
109
congentital adrenal hyperplasia
genetic disease in which the adrenal gland is overdeveloped, resulting in a deficiency of certain hormones and an overproduction of others
110
diabetes mellitus MEL-ih-tis
metabolic disease characterized by excessive urination and hyperglycemia
111
diabetic ketoacidosis KEET-oh-ASS-ih-DOH-sis
acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies produced when the body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat for energy
112
pancreatic pseudocyst
abnormally expanded area in the pancrease resembling a cyst
113
pancreatitis PANG-kree-ah-TAIT-is
inflammation of the pancreas
114
pancreatolith PAN-kree-AT-oh-lith
stone in the pancreas pancreato - pancreas lith - stone
115
pancreatolithiasis PAN-kree-ah-toh-lih-THAI-ah-sis
presence of a stone in the pancreas pancreato - pancreas lith - stone iasis - presence
116
hyperpituitarism HAI-per-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM
over functioning of the pituitary gland hyper - over pituitar - pituitary ism - condition
117
hypophysitis hai-PAWF-ih-SAI-tis
inflammation of the pituitary gland hypophys - pituitary itis - inflammation
118
hypopituitarism HAI-poh-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM
condition caused by the undersecretion of the pituitary gland hypo - under pituitar - pituitary ism - condition
119
panhypopituitarism PAN-HAI-poh-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM
defective or absent function of the entire pituitary gland pan - all hypo - under pituitar - pituitary ism - condition
120
pituitary infarction pih-TOO-ih-TEH-ree in-FARK-shun
death of the pituitary gland
121
hyperparathyroidism HAI-per-PAR-ah-THAI-roid-IZM
overproduction by the parathyroid glands hyper - over para - beside thryoid ism - condition
122
hyperthyroidism HAI-per-THAI-roid-IZM
overproduction by the thyroid
123
hypoparathyroidism
underproduction by the parathyroid
124
throiditis
inflammation of the thyroid
125
thyrotoxicosis THAI-roh-TOK-sih-KOH-sis
condition caused by the exposure of body tissue to excessive levels of thyroid hormone (an extreme version of this is known as thyroid storm)
126
adenocarcinoma AD-en-oh-KAR-sin-OH-mah
cancerous tumor of a gland adeno - gland carcin - cancer oma - tumor
127
adenoma AD-en-OH-ma
glandular tumor aden - gland oma - tumor
128
adrenal adenoma
tumor of the adrenal gland
129
adrenocortical carcinoma
cancerous tumor originating in the cortex of the adrenal gland
130
insulinoma IN-suh-lih-NOH-mah
tumor that secretes insulin (found in the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas)
131
parathyroidoma PAR-ah-THAI-roid-OH-mah
tumor of the parathyroid
132
pituitary adenoma
tumor of the pituitary gland
133
thymoma thai-MOH-mah
tumor of the thymus
134
continuous subcutaneous insulin
continuous injection of insulin into the blood from a pump inserted under the skin
135
thyroidotoxin thai-ROID-oh-TOK-sin
substance poisonous to the thyroid gland
136
adenectomy AD-en-EK-toh-mee
removal of a gland
137
ketogenic diet
diet that aids in the production of ketones in the body
138
thymectomy thai-MEK-toh-mee
removal of the thymus
139
adrenalectomy
removal of the adrenal gland
140
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
removal of the adrenal gland by means of a laparoscope (instrument inserted into the abdomen for viewing)
141
pancreatectomy PAN-kree-ah-TEK-toh-mee
removal of the pancreas
142
pancreatolithectomy PAN-kree-ah-toh-lith-EK-toh-mee
removal of a stone in the pancreas
143
hypophysectomy hai-POH-ih-SEK-toh-mee
removal of the pituitary gland
144
parathyroidectomy PAR-ah-THAI-roid-EK-toh-mee
removal of the parathyroid
145
thyroidectomy THAI-roid-EK-toh-mee
removal of the thyroid
146
thyroidotomy THAI-roid-AWT-oh-mee
incision into the thyroid
147
thyroparathyroidectomy THAI-roh-PAR-ah-THAI-roid-EK-toh-mee
removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
148
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
149
BS
blood sugar
150
CGM
continuous glucose monitor
151
DI
diabetes insipidus
152
DM
diabetes mellitus
153
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
154
FBS
fasting blood sugar
155
GDM
gestational diabetes mellitus
156
GH
growth hormone
157
GTT
glucose tolerance test
158
HbA1C
hemoglobin A1C test (used by patients with diabetes to monitor blood sugar levels)
159
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
160
TFT
thyroid function test
161
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin)
162
T3
triiodothyronine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)
163
T4
thyroxine (one of the two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)