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Medical Terminology > Chapter 7 (The Endocrine System - Endocrinology) > Flashcards

Chapter 7 (The Endocrine System - Endocrinology) Flashcards

1
Q

hypothalamus

A

makes and releases hormones that direct glands
main role is to direct the activity of the pituitary gland (via chemicals called releasing hormones)

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2
Q

male gonads

A

testes produce male hormone testosterone

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3
Q

female gonads

A

ovaries secrete estrogen which help the body develop female attributes and help prepare the body for pregnancy

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4
Q

gland

A

aden/o

Ex: adenoma, adenopathy

Glands send and make signals within the endocrine system. This root refers to any gland (commonly used).

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5
Q

adrenal gland

A

adren/o, adrenal/o

Ex: adrenarche, adrenalitis

makes the flight-or-flight hormone, adrenaline

“adrenal” describes where this gland is located: on the kidney (ad=to,on + renal=kidney)

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6
Q

outer surface

A

cortic/o

Ex: corticotropic, adrenocorticohyperplasia

refers to the outer surface of any organ

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7
Q

gonads (sex organs)

A

gonad/o

Ex: gonadopathy, gonadogenesis

help with reproduction and with expression of male/female characteristics

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8
Q

pancreas

A

pancreat/o

Ex: pancreatitis, pancreatolith

both an endocrine gland and gastrointestinal organ, as a gland, it sends hormones directly into the bloodstream that help keep the blood sugar level in balance

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9
Q

pituitary gland

A

pituitar/o, hypophys/o

Ex: hyperpituitarism, hypophysitis

pea-sized gland under the brain, origin of many important hormones (critical part of endocrine system)

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10
Q

thymus

A

thym/o

Ex: thymoma, thymectomy

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11
Q

thyroid

A

thyr/o, thryoid/o

Ex: thyrotoxin, thyroidectomy

makes hormones (T3 and T4) that affect that body’s metabolism, as well as a hormone that helps control the level of calcium in the blood.

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12
Q

sugar

A

gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o

Ex: glucocorticoid, glucosuria, hypoglycemia

glucose (which requires insulin to break it down) is the universal fuel of all living things and used in brain functions

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13
Q

to secrete

A

crin/o

Ex: endocrine, exocrine

endocrine = “to secrete internally” referring to chemicals secreted into the bloodsteams

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14
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulate the outer part of the adrenal gland

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15
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates the thyroid gland

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16
Q

luteinizing (LH) & follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulate the gonads

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17
Q

T3 & T4

A

thyroid hormones that affect metabolism

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18
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

higher-than-normal metabolism (everything speeds up)
leads to weight loss, increased hunger, diarrhea, and nervousness

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19
Q

hypothyroidism

A

slowed down metabolism (everything slows down)
leads to weight gain, decreased energy and appetite, and constipation

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20
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone released by the thyroid that encourages the uptake of calcium in the blood into bone

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21
Q

insulin

A

hormone made in the pancreas
decreases the level of sugar in the blood, encourages cells to open up to the blood sugar (glucose) and take it in

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22
Q

glucagon

A

hormone made in the pancreas
works against insulin, tells the liver to make more sugar and thus increase the level of sugar in the blood

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23
Q

epinephrine

A

made in the inner part of the adrenal gland
fight-or-flight response, increases heart rate and opens airway to more oxygen

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24
Q

corticosteroids

A

made in the outer part of the adrenal gland (cortex)
steroid hormones that deal with mineral balance (mineralcorticoids) and sugar balance (glucocorticoids)

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25
Q

glycemia

A

checking the glucose level in the blood

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26
Q

hormone

A

hormon/o

Ex: hormonopoesis

hormones are chemicals secreted by certain glands for the purpose of stimulating an organ or part of the body to do something

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27
Q

ketone body

A

ket/o

Ex: ketosis, ketogenic

a ketone body is a substance that increases in the blood as a result of faulty carbohydrate metabolism, they’re toxic chemicals that build up in the blood and detectable in the urine. When there isn’t enough insulin in the blood, the body cannot use sugar for energy, so it breaks down fats instead. The presence of ketone bodies is normally a sign of untreated or poorly controlled diabetes

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28
Q

stimulating hormone

A

-tropin

Ex: thyrotropin, gonadotropin

refers to a hormone that has a stimulating effect on a target organ

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29
Q

blood condition

A

-emia

Ex: glycemia, calcemia

because the endocrine system deals with internal secretions, a blood analysis (analysis of a secretion of the body) is usually best way to detect problems

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30
Q

urine condition

A

-uria

Ex: polyuria

substances in the urine can be useful clues in diagnosing endocrine problems

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31
Q

adenalgia
AD-en-AL-jah

A

pain in a gland

aden - gland
algia - pain

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32
Q

adrenal virilism
a-DREE-nal-VIR-il-izm

A

development of male secondary sexual characteristics caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal gland

adrenal viril - man
ism - condition

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33
Q

adrenarche
AD-re-NAR-kee

A

beginning of adrenal secretion (at puberty)

adren - adrenal
arche - beginning

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34
Q

hirsutism
HIR-soo-tizm

A

excessive growth of facial and body hair in women

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35
Q

amenorrhea
ah-MEN-oh-REE-ah

A

lack of menstrual flow

a-no
meno - menstrual
rrhea - flow

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36
Q

gynecomastia
GAI-neh-koh-MAS-tee-ah

A

development of breast tissue in males

gyneco - woman
mast - breast
ia - condition

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37
Q

hypergonadism
HAI-per-GOH-nad-izm

A

condition in which there is excessive secretion of the sex glands

hyper - over
gonad - gonad
ism - condition

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38
Q

hypogonadism
HAI-poh-GOH-nad-izm

A

condition in which there is undersecretion of the sex glands

hypo - under
gonad - gonad
ism - condition

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39
Q

menarche
men-ARK-kee

A

beginning or first menstruation

men - menstrual
arche - beginning

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40
Q

thelarche
thee-LAR-kee

A

beginning of breast development

thel - breast
arche - beginning

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41
Q

hypoglycemic
HAI-poh-glai-SEE-mik

A

pertaining to low blood sugar

hypo-under
glyc - sygar
em - blood
ic - pertaining to

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42
Q

pancreatalgia
PAN-kree-ah-TAL-jee-ah

A

pain in the pancreas

pancreat - pancreas
algia - pain

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43
Q

polydipsia
PAWL-ee-DIP-see-ah

A

excessive thirst

poly - excessive
dips - thirst
ia - condition

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44
Q

polyphagia
PAWL-ee-FAY-jee-ah

A

excessive eating

poly - excessive
phag - eating
ia - condition

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45
Q

polyuria
PAWL-ee-YOOR-ee-ah

A

excessive urination

poly - excessive
uria - urination

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46
Q

acromegaly
AK-roh-MEG-ah-lee

A

abnormal enlargement of the extremeties

acro - extremities
megaly - abnormal enlargement

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47
Q

galactorrhea
gah-LAK-toh-REE-ah

A

discharge of milk

galacto - milk
rrhea - discharge

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48
Q

pituitary dwarfism
pih-TOO-ih-TER-ee DWAR-fizm

A

abnormally short height caused by undersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

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49
Q

pituitary gigantism
pih-TOO_ih-TER-ee jai-GAN-tizm

A

abnormally tall height caused by oversecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

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50
Q

exophthalmos
EKS-of-THAL-mohs

A

protrusion of the eyes of the eye socket

ex - out
ophthalmos - eye

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51
Q

goiter
GOYT-er

A

swollen thyroid gland

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52
Q

thyrocele
THAI-roh-seel

A

another name for goiter

thyro - thyroid
cele - tumor

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53
Q

thyromegaly
THAI-roh-MEG-ah-lee

A

enlargement of the thyroid

thyro - thyroid
megaly - enlargement

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54
Q

thyroiptosis
THAI-rop=TOH-sis

A

downward displacement (drooping) of the thyroid

thyro - thyroid
ptosis - drooping condition

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55
Q

-tropins

A

hormones that “turn on” an organ
Ex: adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland / gonadotropins (LH and FSH)

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56
Q

what can we test to see the results of hormones?

A

blood (-emia) and urine (-uria)

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57
Q

acidemia
AS-ih-DEE-mee-ah

A

abnormal acidity of the blood
acid - acid
emia - blood

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58
Q

alkalemia
AL-kah-LEE-mee-ah

A

abnormal alkalinity (opposite of acidity, strong base) of the blood
alkal - alkali
emia - blood condition

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59
Q

calciuria
KAL-sih-YOO-ree-ah

A

calcium in the urine
calci - calcium
uria - urine condition

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60
Q

chloremia
KLOH-ree-mee-ah

A

increase chloride in the blood
chlor - chloride
emia - blood condition

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61
Q

euglycemia
YOO-glai-SEE-mee-ah

A

good blood sugar
eu - good
glyc - sugar
emia - blood condition

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62
Q

glucosuria
GLOO-koh-SOO-ree-ah

A

sugar in the urine
glucos - sugar
uria - urine condition

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63
Q

hypercalcemia
HAI-per-kal-SEE-mee-ah

A

excessive calcium in the blood
hyper - over
calc - calcium
emia - blood condition

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64
Q

hypercholesterolemia
HAI-per-koh-LES-ter-awl-EE-mee-ah

A

excessive cholesterol in the blood
hyper - excessive
cholesterol - cholesterol
emia - blood condition

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65
Q

hyperglycemia
HAI-per-glai-SEE-mee-ah

A

high blood sugar
hyper - excessive
glyc - sugar
emia - blood condition

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66
Q

hyperkalemia
HAI-per-kah-LEE-mee-ah

A

excessive potassium in the blood
hyper - excessive
kal - potassium
emia - blood condition

67
Q

hyperlipidemia
HAI-per-LIP-ih-DEE-mee-ah

A

excessive fat in the blood
hyper - excessive
lipid - fat
emia - blood condition

68
Q

hypernatremia
HAI-per-nah-TREE-mee-ah

A

excessive sodium in the blood
hyper - excessive
natr - sodium
emia - blood condition

69
Q

hyperphosphatemia
HAI-per-FAWS-fay-TEE-mee-ah

A

excessive phosphate in the blood
hyper - excessive
phosphat - phosphate
emia - blood condition

70
Q

hypoglycemia
HAI-poh-glai-SEE-mee-ah

A

low blood sugar
hypo - under
glyc - sugar
emia - blood condition

71
Q

ketouria
KEET-oh-NUR-ee-ah

A

ketone bodies in the urine
keton - ketone
uria - urine condition

72
Q

polyuria
PAWL-ee-YUR-ee-ah

A

excessive urination
poly - excessive
uria - urine condition

73
Q

uremia
yoo-REE-mee-ah

A

presence of urinary waste in the blood
ur - urine
emia - blood condition

74
Q

adrenaline
ah-DREN-ah-lin

A

hormone secreted by the adrenal gland (same as epinephrine, can use interchangeably)
ad - on
renal - kidney
ine - chemical

75
Q

epinephrine
EP-ih-NEF-rin

A

hormone secreted by the adrenal gland (same as adrenaline, can use interchangeably)
epi - upon
nephr - kidney
ine - chemical

76
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
ah-DREH-noh-KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pik

A

hormone secreted by the pituitary gland the stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland
adreno - adrenal
cortico - cortex
trop - stimulating
ic - pertaining to

77
Q

corticotropin
KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pin

A

shorter name for the adrenocorticotropic hormone
cortico - cortex
tropin - stimulating

78
Q

glucagon
GLOO-kah-gawn

A

hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the liver to increase blood sugar levels
gluc - sugar
agon - lead

79
Q

glucocorticoid
GLOO-koh-KORT-ih-koyd

A

hormone produced by the adrenal cortex with a role in carbohydrate metablism
gluco - sugar
cortic - cortex
oid - resembling

80
Q

gonadotropin
goh-NAD-oh-TROH-pin

A

hormone that stimulates the gonads
gonado - gonad
tropin - stimulating

81
Q

insulin
IN-suh-lin

A

hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls the metabolism and uptake of sugar and fats

82
Q

thyrotropin
THAI-roh-TROH-pin

A

hormone that stimulates the thyroid
thyro - thyroid
tropin - stimulating

83
Q

adenomegaly
AD-en-oh-MEG-ah-lee

A

abnormal enlargement of a gland
adeno - gland
megaly - enlargment

84
Q

adrenomegaly
ah-DREN-oh-MEG-ah-lee

A

abnormal enlargement of the adrenal gland
adreno - adrenal
megaly - enlargement

85
Q

euthyroid
YOO-thai-royd

A

normal functioning thyroid
eu - good
thyroid - thyroid

86
Q

gluconeogenesis
GLOO-koh-NEE-oh-JIN-eh-sis

A

formation of glucose from noncarbohydrates sources
gluco - sugar
neo - new
genesis - formation

87
Q

glycolysis
glai-KAWL-ih-sis

A

breakdown of sugar (done in cells in order to release energy)
glyco - sugar
lysis - loosen

88
Q

glycopenia
GLAI-koh-PEE-nee-ah

A

deficiency of sugar
glyco - sugar
penia - deficiency

89
Q

gonadogenesis
goh-NAD-oh-JIN-eh-sis

A

creation/development of gonads
gonado-gonad
genesis - formation

90
Q

metabolism
meh-TAB-oh-LIZM

A

breakdown of matter into energy
meta - over
bol - throw
ism - condition

91
Q

endocrine
EN-doh-krin

A

to secrete internally (into the bloodstream)
endo - inside
crine - secretion

92
Q

endocrinologist
EN-doh-krih-NAWL-oh-jist

A

specialist in internal secretions
endo - inside
crino - secretion
logist - specialist

93
Q

exocrine
EKS-oh-krin

A

to secrete externally (through ducts to the surface of an organ i.e., sweat and salivary glands)
exo - outside
crine - secretion

94
Q

glycemic index
glai-SEE-mik

A

ranking of food based on the way it affects sugar levels in the blood
glyc - sugar
em - blood
ic - pertaining to

95
Q

ketogenesis
KEET-oh-JIN-eh-sis

A

creation of ketone bodies
keto-ketone
genesis - formation

96
Q

thyroid function tests

A

tests performed to evaluate the function of the thyroid

97
Q

cholangiopancreatography
koh-LAN-jee-oh-PANG-kree-ah-TAWG-rah-fee

A

procedures used to examine the bile ducts and pancrease
chol - bile
angio - vessel
pancreato - pancreas
graphy - writing procedure

98
Q

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatoghraphy
EN-doh-SKAWP-ik REH-troh-GRAYD koh-LLAN-jee-oh-PANG-kree-ah-TAWG-rah-fee

A

procedure used to examine the bile ducts and pancreas in which an endoscope is passed backward from the digestive tract into the bile duct
endo - inside
scop - looking
ic - pertaining to
retro - backward
grade - step
chol - bile
angio - vessel
pancreato - pancreas
graphy - writing procedure

99
Q

adenitis
AD-eh-NAIT-is

A

inflammation of a gland
aden - gland
itis - inflammation

100
Q

adenopathy
AD-en-AWP-ah-thee

A

gland disease
adeno - gland
pathy - disease

101
Q

adenosis
AD-eh-NOH-sis

A

gland condition
adeno - gland
osis - condition

102
Q

dysmetabolic syndrome

A

combination of medical disorders associated with faulty metabolism
dys - bad
metabolic - metabolism
syn - together
drome - running

103
Q

ketosis
kee-TOH-sis

A

condition characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood
ket - ketone body
osis - condition

104
Q

polyadenopathy
PAWL-ee-AD-en-AWP-ah-thee

A

disease involving many glands
poly - many
adeno - glands
pathy - disease

105
Q

adrenal insufficiency

A

condition i which the adrenal glands underproduce necessary hormones

106
Q

adrenalitis
ah-DREE-nah-LAI-tis

A

inflammation of the adrenal gland
adrenal - adrenal
itis - inflammation

107
Q

adrenocortical insufficiency
ah-DREE-noh-KORT-ih-kal

A

condition in which the adrenal cortex underproduces necessary hormones
adreno - adrenal
cortic - cortex
al - pertaining to
in - not
sufficiency - adequate

108
Q

adrenocorticohyperplasia
ah-DREE-noh-KORT-ih-koh-HAI-per-PLAY-zhah

A

overdevelopment of the cortex of the adrenal gland
adreno - adrenal
cortico - cortex
hyper - over
plasia - formation

109
Q

congentital adrenal hyperplasia

A

genetic disease in which the adrenal gland is overdeveloped, resulting in a deficiency of certain hormones and an overproduction of others

110
Q

diabetes mellitus
MEL-ih-tis

A

metabolic disease characterized by excessive urination and hyperglycemia

111
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis
KEET-oh-ASS-ih-DOH-sis

A

acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies produced when the body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat for energy

112
Q

pancreatic pseudocyst

A

abnormally expanded area in the pancrease resembling a cyst

113
Q

pancreatitis
PANG-kree-ah-TAIT-is

A

inflammation of the pancreas

114
Q

pancreatolith
PAN-kree-AT-oh-lith

A

stone in the pancreas
pancreato - pancreas
lith - stone

115
Q

pancreatolithiasis
PAN-kree-ah-toh-lih-THAI-ah-sis

A

presence of a stone in the pancreas
pancreato - pancreas
lith - stone
iasis - presence

116
Q

hyperpituitarism
HAI-per-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM

A

over functioning of the pituitary gland
hyper - over
pituitar - pituitary
ism - condition

117
Q

hypophysitis
hai-PAWF-ih-SAI-tis

A

inflammation of the pituitary gland
hypophys - pituitary
itis - inflammation

118
Q

hypopituitarism
HAI-poh-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM

A

condition caused by the undersecretion of the pituitary gland
hypo - under
pituitar - pituitary
ism - condition

119
Q

panhypopituitarism
PAN-HAI-poh-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM

A

defective or absent function of the entire pituitary gland
pan - all
hypo - under
pituitar - pituitary
ism - condition

120
Q

pituitary infarction
pih-TOO-ih-TEH-ree in-FARK-shun

A

death of the pituitary gland

121
Q

hyperparathyroidism
HAI-per-PAR-ah-THAI-roid-IZM

A

overproduction by the parathyroid glands
hyper - over
para - beside
thryoid
ism - condition

122
Q

hyperthyroidism
HAI-per-THAI-roid-IZM

A

overproduction by the thyroid

123
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

underproduction by the parathyroid

124
Q

throiditis

A

inflammation of the thyroid

125
Q

thyrotoxicosis
THAI-roh-TOK-sih-KOH-sis

A

condition caused by the exposure of body tissue to excessive levels of thyroid hormone (an extreme version of this is known as thyroid storm)

126
Q

adenocarcinoma
AD-en-oh-KAR-sin-OH-mah

A

cancerous tumor of a gland
adeno - gland
carcin - cancer
oma - tumor

127
Q

adenoma
AD-en-OH-ma

A

glandular tumor
aden - gland
oma - tumor

128
Q

adrenal adenoma

A

tumor of the adrenal gland

129
Q

adrenocortical carcinoma

A

cancerous tumor originating in the cortex of the adrenal gland

130
Q

insulinoma
IN-suh-lih-NOH-mah

A

tumor that secretes insulin (found in the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas)

131
Q

parathyroidoma
PAR-ah-THAI-roid-OH-mah

A

tumor of the parathyroid

132
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

tumor of the pituitary gland

133
Q

thymoma
thai-MOH-mah

A

tumor of the thymus

134
Q

continuous subcutaneous insulin

A

continuous injection of insulin into the blood from a pump inserted under the skin

135
Q

thyroidotoxin
thai-ROID-oh-TOK-sin

A

substance poisonous to the thyroid gland

136
Q

adenectomy
AD-en-EK-toh-mee

A

removal of a gland

137
Q

ketogenic diet

A

diet that aids in the production of ketones in the body

138
Q

thymectomy
thai-MEK-toh-mee

A

removal of the thymus

139
Q

adrenalectomy

A

removal of the adrenal gland

140
Q

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

A

removal of the adrenal gland by means of a laparoscope (instrument inserted into the abdomen for viewing)

141
Q

pancreatectomy
PAN-kree-ah-TEK-toh-mee

A

removal of the pancreas

142
Q

pancreatolithectomy
PAN-kree-ah-toh-lith-EK-toh-mee

A

removal of a stone in the pancreas

143
Q

hypophysectomy
hai-POH-ih-SEK-toh-mee

A

removal of the pituitary gland

144
Q

parathyroidectomy
PAR-ah-THAI-roid-EK-toh-mee

A

removal of the parathyroid

145
Q

thyroidectomy
THAI-roid-EK-toh-mee

A

removal of the thyroid

146
Q

thyroidotomy
THAI-roid-AWT-oh-mee

A

incision into the thyroid

147
Q

thyroparathyroidectomy
THAI-roh-PAR-ah-THAI-roid-EK-toh-mee

A

removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

148
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

149
Q

BS

A

blood sugar

150
Q

CGM

A

continuous glucose monitor

151
Q

DI

A

diabetes insipidus

152
Q

DM

A

diabetes mellitus

153
Q

ERCP

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

154
Q

FBS

A

fasting blood sugar

155
Q

GDM

A

gestational diabetes mellitus

156
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

157
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

158
Q

HbA1C

A

hemoglobin A1C test (used by patients with diabetes to monitor blood sugar levels)

159
Q

HRT

A

hormone replacement therapy

160
Q

TFT

A

thyroid function test

161
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin)

162
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)

163
Q

T4

A

thyroxine (one of the two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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