Chapter 7 (The Endocrine System - Endocrinology) Flashcards
hypothalamus
makes and releases hormones that direct glands
main role is to direct the activity of the pituitary gland (via chemicals called releasing hormones)
male gonads
testes produce male hormone testosterone
female gonads
ovaries secrete estrogen which help the body develop female attributes and help prepare the body for pregnancy
gland
aden/o
Ex: adenoma, adenopathy
Glands send and make signals within the endocrine system. This root refers to any gland (commonly used).
adrenal gland
adren/o, adrenal/o
Ex: adrenarche, adrenalitis
makes the flight-or-flight hormone, adrenaline
“adrenal” describes where this gland is located: on the kidney (ad=to,on + renal=kidney)
outer surface
cortic/o
Ex: corticotropic, adrenocorticohyperplasia
refers to the outer surface of any organ
gonads (sex organs)
gonad/o
Ex: gonadopathy, gonadogenesis
help with reproduction and with expression of male/female characteristics
pancreas
pancreat/o
Ex: pancreatitis, pancreatolith
both an endocrine gland and gastrointestinal organ, as a gland, it sends hormones directly into the bloodstream that help keep the blood sugar level in balance
pituitary gland
pituitar/o, hypophys/o
Ex: hyperpituitarism, hypophysitis
pea-sized gland under the brain, origin of many important hormones (critical part of endocrine system)
thymus
thym/o
Ex: thymoma, thymectomy
thyroid
thyr/o, thryoid/o
Ex: thyrotoxin, thyroidectomy
makes hormones (T3 and T4) that affect that body’s metabolism, as well as a hormone that helps control the level of calcium in the blood.
sugar
gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o
Ex: glucocorticoid, glucosuria, hypoglycemia
glucose (which requires insulin to break it down) is the universal fuel of all living things and used in brain functions
to secrete
crin/o
Ex: endocrine, exocrine
endocrine = “to secrete internally” referring to chemicals secreted into the bloodsteams
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulate the outer part of the adrenal gland
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates the thyroid gland
luteinizing (LH) & follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulate the gonads
T3 & T4
thyroid hormones that affect metabolism
hyperthyroidism
higher-than-normal metabolism (everything speeds up)
leads to weight loss, increased hunger, diarrhea, and nervousness
hypothyroidism
slowed down metabolism (everything slows down)
leads to weight gain, decreased energy and appetite, and constipation
calcitonin
hormone released by the thyroid that encourages the uptake of calcium in the blood into bone
insulin
hormone made in the pancreas
decreases the level of sugar in the blood, encourages cells to open up to the blood sugar (glucose) and take it in
glucagon
hormone made in the pancreas
works against insulin, tells the liver to make more sugar and thus increase the level of sugar in the blood
epinephrine
made in the inner part of the adrenal gland
fight-or-flight response, increases heart rate and opens airway to more oxygen
corticosteroids
made in the outer part of the adrenal gland (cortex)
steroid hormones that deal with mineral balance (mineralcorticoids) and sugar balance (glucocorticoids)
glycemia
checking the glucose level in the blood
hormone
hormon/o
Ex: hormonopoesis
hormones are chemicals secreted by certain glands for the purpose of stimulating an organ or part of the body to do something
ketone body
ket/o
Ex: ketosis, ketogenic
a ketone body is a substance that increases in the blood as a result of faulty carbohydrate metabolism, they’re toxic chemicals that build up in the blood and detectable in the urine. When there isn’t enough insulin in the blood, the body cannot use sugar for energy, so it breaks down fats instead. The presence of ketone bodies is normally a sign of untreated or poorly controlled diabetes
stimulating hormone
-tropin
Ex: thyrotropin, gonadotropin
refers to a hormone that has a stimulating effect on a target organ
blood condition
-emia
Ex: glycemia, calcemia
because the endocrine system deals with internal secretions, a blood analysis (analysis of a secretion of the body) is usually best way to detect problems
urine condition
-uria
Ex: polyuria
substances in the urine can be useful clues in diagnosing endocrine problems
adenalgia
AD-en-AL-jah
pain in a gland
aden - gland
algia - pain
adrenal virilism
a-DREE-nal-VIR-il-izm
development of male secondary sexual characteristics caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal gland
adrenal viril - man
ism - condition
adrenarche
AD-re-NAR-kee
beginning of adrenal secretion (at puberty)
adren - adrenal
arche - beginning
hirsutism
HIR-soo-tizm
excessive growth of facial and body hair in women
amenorrhea
ah-MEN-oh-REE-ah
lack of menstrual flow
a-no
meno - menstrual
rrhea - flow
gynecomastia
GAI-neh-koh-MAS-tee-ah
development of breast tissue in males
gyneco - woman
mast - breast
ia - condition
hypergonadism
HAI-per-GOH-nad-izm
condition in which there is excessive secretion of the sex glands
hyper - over
gonad - gonad
ism - condition
hypogonadism
HAI-poh-GOH-nad-izm
condition in which there is undersecretion of the sex glands
hypo - under
gonad - gonad
ism - condition
menarche
men-ARK-kee
beginning or first menstruation
men - menstrual
arche - beginning
thelarche
thee-LAR-kee
beginning of breast development
thel - breast
arche - beginning
hypoglycemic
HAI-poh-glai-SEE-mik
pertaining to low blood sugar
hypo-under
glyc - sygar
em - blood
ic - pertaining to
pancreatalgia
PAN-kree-ah-TAL-jee-ah
pain in the pancreas
pancreat - pancreas
algia - pain
polydipsia
PAWL-ee-DIP-see-ah
excessive thirst
poly - excessive
dips - thirst
ia - condition
polyphagia
PAWL-ee-FAY-jee-ah
excessive eating
poly - excessive
phag - eating
ia - condition
polyuria
PAWL-ee-YOOR-ee-ah
excessive urination
poly - excessive
uria - urination
acromegaly
AK-roh-MEG-ah-lee
abnormal enlargement of the extremeties
acro - extremities
megaly - abnormal enlargement
galactorrhea
gah-LAK-toh-REE-ah
discharge of milk
galacto - milk
rrhea - discharge
pituitary dwarfism
pih-TOO-ih-TER-ee DWAR-fizm
abnormally short height caused by undersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland
pituitary gigantism
pih-TOO_ih-TER-ee jai-GAN-tizm
abnormally tall height caused by oversecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland
exophthalmos
EKS-of-THAL-mohs
protrusion of the eyes of the eye socket
ex - out
ophthalmos - eye
goiter
GOYT-er
swollen thyroid gland
thyrocele
THAI-roh-seel
another name for goiter
thyro - thyroid
cele - tumor
thyromegaly
THAI-roh-MEG-ah-lee
enlargement of the thyroid
thyro - thyroid
megaly - enlargement
thyroiptosis
THAI-rop=TOH-sis
downward displacement (drooping) of the thyroid
thyro - thyroid
ptosis - drooping condition
-tropins
hormones that “turn on” an organ
Ex: adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland / gonadotropins (LH and FSH)
what can we test to see the results of hormones?
blood (-emia) and urine (-uria)
acidemia
AS-ih-DEE-mee-ah
abnormal acidity of the blood
acid - acid
emia - blood
alkalemia
AL-kah-LEE-mee-ah
abnormal alkalinity (opposite of acidity, strong base) of the blood
alkal - alkali
emia - blood condition
calciuria
KAL-sih-YOO-ree-ah
calcium in the urine
calci - calcium
uria - urine condition
chloremia
KLOH-ree-mee-ah
increase chloride in the blood
chlor - chloride
emia - blood condition
euglycemia
YOO-glai-SEE-mee-ah
good blood sugar
eu - good
glyc - sugar
emia - blood condition
glucosuria
GLOO-koh-SOO-ree-ah
sugar in the urine
glucos - sugar
uria - urine condition
hypercalcemia
HAI-per-kal-SEE-mee-ah
excessive calcium in the blood
hyper - over
calc - calcium
emia - blood condition
hypercholesterolemia
HAI-per-koh-LES-ter-awl-EE-mee-ah
excessive cholesterol in the blood
hyper - excessive
cholesterol - cholesterol
emia - blood condition
hyperglycemia
HAI-per-glai-SEE-mee-ah
high blood sugar
hyper - excessive
glyc - sugar
emia - blood condition
hyperkalemia
HAI-per-kah-LEE-mee-ah
excessive potassium in the blood
hyper - excessive
kal - potassium
emia - blood condition
hyperlipidemia
HAI-per-LIP-ih-DEE-mee-ah
excessive fat in the blood
hyper - excessive
lipid - fat
emia - blood condition
hypernatremia
HAI-per-nah-TREE-mee-ah
excessive sodium in the blood
hyper - excessive
natr - sodium
emia - blood condition
hyperphosphatemia
HAI-per-FAWS-fay-TEE-mee-ah
excessive phosphate in the blood
hyper - excessive
phosphat - phosphate
emia - blood condition
hypoglycemia
HAI-poh-glai-SEE-mee-ah
low blood sugar
hypo - under
glyc - sugar
emia - blood condition
ketouria
KEET-oh-NUR-ee-ah
ketone bodies in the urine
keton - ketone
uria - urine condition
polyuria
PAWL-ee-YUR-ee-ah
excessive urination
poly - excessive
uria - urine condition
uremia
yoo-REE-mee-ah
presence of urinary waste in the blood
ur - urine
emia - blood condition
adrenaline
ah-DREN-ah-lin
hormone secreted by the adrenal gland (same as epinephrine, can use interchangeably)
ad - on
renal - kidney
ine - chemical
epinephrine
EP-ih-NEF-rin
hormone secreted by the adrenal gland (same as adrenaline, can use interchangeably)
epi - upon
nephr - kidney
ine - chemical
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
ah-DREH-noh-KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pik
hormone secreted by the pituitary gland the stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland
adreno - adrenal
cortico - cortex
trop - stimulating
ic - pertaining to
corticotropin
KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pin
shorter name for the adrenocorticotropic hormone
cortico - cortex
tropin - stimulating
glucagon
GLOO-kah-gawn
hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the liver to increase blood sugar levels
gluc - sugar
agon - lead
glucocorticoid
GLOO-koh-KORT-ih-koyd
hormone produced by the adrenal cortex with a role in carbohydrate metablism
gluco - sugar
cortic - cortex
oid - resembling
gonadotropin
goh-NAD-oh-TROH-pin
hormone that stimulates the gonads
gonado - gonad
tropin - stimulating
insulin
IN-suh-lin
hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls the metabolism and uptake of sugar and fats
thyrotropin
THAI-roh-TROH-pin
hormone that stimulates the thyroid
thyro - thyroid
tropin - stimulating
adenomegaly
AD-en-oh-MEG-ah-lee
abnormal enlargement of a gland
adeno - gland
megaly - enlargment
adrenomegaly
ah-DREN-oh-MEG-ah-lee
abnormal enlargement of the adrenal gland
adreno - adrenal
megaly - enlargement
euthyroid
YOO-thai-royd
normal functioning thyroid
eu - good
thyroid - thyroid
gluconeogenesis
GLOO-koh-NEE-oh-JIN-eh-sis
formation of glucose from noncarbohydrates sources
gluco - sugar
neo - new
genesis - formation
glycolysis
glai-KAWL-ih-sis
breakdown of sugar (done in cells in order to release energy)
glyco - sugar
lysis - loosen
glycopenia
GLAI-koh-PEE-nee-ah
deficiency of sugar
glyco - sugar
penia - deficiency
gonadogenesis
goh-NAD-oh-JIN-eh-sis
creation/development of gonads
gonado-gonad
genesis - formation
metabolism
meh-TAB-oh-LIZM
breakdown of matter into energy
meta - over
bol - throw
ism - condition
endocrine
EN-doh-krin
to secrete internally (into the bloodstream)
endo - inside
crine - secretion
endocrinologist
EN-doh-krih-NAWL-oh-jist
specialist in internal secretions
endo - inside
crino - secretion
logist - specialist
exocrine
EKS-oh-krin
to secrete externally (through ducts to the surface of an organ i.e., sweat and salivary glands)
exo - outside
crine - secretion
glycemic index
glai-SEE-mik
ranking of food based on the way it affects sugar levels in the blood
glyc - sugar
em - blood
ic - pertaining to
ketogenesis
KEET-oh-JIN-eh-sis
creation of ketone bodies
keto-ketone
genesis - formation
thyroid function tests
tests performed to evaluate the function of the thyroid
cholangiopancreatography
koh-LAN-jee-oh-PANG-kree-ah-TAWG-rah-fee
procedures used to examine the bile ducts and pancrease
chol - bile
angio - vessel
pancreato - pancreas
graphy - writing procedure
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatoghraphy
EN-doh-SKAWP-ik REH-troh-GRAYD koh-LLAN-jee-oh-PANG-kree-ah-TAWG-rah-fee
procedure used to examine the bile ducts and pancreas in which an endoscope is passed backward from the digestive tract into the bile duct
endo - inside
scop - looking
ic - pertaining to
retro - backward
grade - step
chol - bile
angio - vessel
pancreato - pancreas
graphy - writing procedure
adenitis
AD-eh-NAIT-is
inflammation of a gland
aden - gland
itis - inflammation
adenopathy
AD-en-AWP-ah-thee
gland disease
adeno - gland
pathy - disease
adenosis
AD-eh-NOH-sis
gland condition
adeno - gland
osis - condition
dysmetabolic syndrome
combination of medical disorders associated with faulty metabolism
dys - bad
metabolic - metabolism
syn - together
drome - running
ketosis
kee-TOH-sis
condition characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood
ket - ketone body
osis - condition
polyadenopathy
PAWL-ee-AD-en-AWP-ah-thee
disease involving many glands
poly - many
adeno - glands
pathy - disease
adrenal insufficiency
condition i which the adrenal glands underproduce necessary hormones
adrenalitis
ah-DREE-nah-LAI-tis
inflammation of the adrenal gland
adrenal - adrenal
itis - inflammation
adrenocortical insufficiency
ah-DREE-noh-KORT-ih-kal
condition in which the adrenal cortex underproduces necessary hormones
adreno - adrenal
cortic - cortex
al - pertaining to
in - not
sufficiency - adequate
adrenocorticohyperplasia
ah-DREE-noh-KORT-ih-koh-HAI-per-PLAY-zhah
overdevelopment of the cortex of the adrenal gland
adreno - adrenal
cortico - cortex
hyper - over
plasia - formation
congentital adrenal hyperplasia
genetic disease in which the adrenal gland is overdeveloped, resulting in a deficiency of certain hormones and an overproduction of others
diabetes mellitus
MEL-ih-tis
metabolic disease characterized by excessive urination and hyperglycemia
diabetic ketoacidosis
KEET-oh-ASS-ih-DOH-sis
acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies produced when the body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat for energy
pancreatic pseudocyst
abnormally expanded area in the pancrease resembling a cyst
pancreatitis
PANG-kree-ah-TAIT-is
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatolith
PAN-kree-AT-oh-lith
stone in the pancreas
pancreato - pancreas
lith - stone
pancreatolithiasis
PAN-kree-ah-toh-lih-THAI-ah-sis
presence of a stone in the pancreas
pancreato - pancreas
lith - stone
iasis - presence
hyperpituitarism
HAI-per-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM
over functioning of the pituitary gland
hyper - over
pituitar - pituitary
ism - condition
hypophysitis
hai-PAWF-ih-SAI-tis
inflammation of the pituitary gland
hypophys - pituitary
itis - inflammation
hypopituitarism
HAI-poh-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM
condition caused by the undersecretion of the pituitary gland
hypo - under
pituitar - pituitary
ism - condition
panhypopituitarism
PAN-HAI-poh-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM
defective or absent function of the entire pituitary gland
pan - all
hypo - under
pituitar - pituitary
ism - condition
pituitary infarction
pih-TOO-ih-TEH-ree in-FARK-shun
death of the pituitary gland
hyperparathyroidism
HAI-per-PAR-ah-THAI-roid-IZM
overproduction by the parathyroid glands
hyper - over
para - beside
thryoid
ism - condition
hyperthyroidism
HAI-per-THAI-roid-IZM
overproduction by the thyroid
hypoparathyroidism
underproduction by the parathyroid
throiditis
inflammation of the thyroid
thyrotoxicosis
THAI-roh-TOK-sih-KOH-sis
condition caused by the exposure of body tissue to excessive levels of thyroid hormone (an extreme version of this is known as thyroid storm)
adenocarcinoma
AD-en-oh-KAR-sin-OH-mah
cancerous tumor of a gland
adeno - gland
carcin - cancer
oma - tumor
adenoma
AD-en-OH-ma
glandular tumor
aden - gland
oma - tumor
adrenal adenoma
tumor of the adrenal gland
adrenocortical carcinoma
cancerous tumor originating in the cortex of the adrenal gland
insulinoma
IN-suh-lih-NOH-mah
tumor that secretes insulin (found in the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas)
parathyroidoma
PAR-ah-THAI-roid-OH-mah
tumor of the parathyroid
pituitary adenoma
tumor of the pituitary gland
thymoma
thai-MOH-mah
tumor of the thymus
continuous subcutaneous insulin
continuous injection of insulin into the blood from a pump inserted under the skin
thyroidotoxin
thai-ROID-oh-TOK-sin
substance poisonous to the thyroid gland
adenectomy
AD-en-EK-toh-mee
removal of a gland
ketogenic diet
diet that aids in the production of ketones in the body
thymectomy
thai-MEK-toh-mee
removal of the thymus
adrenalectomy
removal of the adrenal gland
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
removal of the adrenal gland by means of a laparoscope (instrument inserted into the abdomen for viewing)
pancreatectomy
PAN-kree-ah-TEK-toh-mee
removal of the pancreas
pancreatolithectomy
PAN-kree-ah-toh-lith-EK-toh-mee
removal of a stone in the pancreas
hypophysectomy
hai-POH-ih-SEK-toh-mee
removal of the pituitary gland
parathyroidectomy
PAR-ah-THAI-roid-EK-toh-mee
removal of the parathyroid
thyroidectomy
THAI-roid-EK-toh-mee
removal of the thyroid
thyroidotomy
THAI-roid-AWT-oh-mee
incision into the thyroid
thyroparathyroidectomy
THAI-roh-PAR-ah-THAI-roid-EK-toh-mee
removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
BS
blood sugar
CGM
continuous glucose monitor
DI
diabetes insipidus
DM
diabetes mellitus
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
FBS
fasting blood sugar
GDM
gestational diabetes mellitus
GH
growth hormone
GTT
glucose tolerance test
HbA1C
hemoglobin A1C test (used by patients with diabetes to monitor blood sugar levels)
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
TFT
thyroid function test
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin)
T3
triiodothyronine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)
T4
thyroxine (one of the two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)
