Chapter 7 (The Endocrine System - Endocrinology) Flashcards
hypothalamus
makes and releases hormones that direct glands
main role is to direct the activity of the pituitary gland (via chemicals called releasing hormones)
male gonads
testes produce male hormone testosterone
female gonads
ovaries secrete estrogen which help the body develop female attributes and help prepare the body for pregnancy
gland
aden/o
Ex: adenoma, adenopathy
Glands send and make signals within the endocrine system. This root refers to any gland (commonly used).
adrenal gland
adren/o, adrenal/o
Ex: adrenarche, adrenalitis
makes the flight-or-flight hormone, adrenaline
“adrenal” describes where this gland is located: on the kidney (ad=to,on + renal=kidney)
outer surface
cortic/o
Ex: corticotropic, adrenocorticohyperplasia
refers to the outer surface of any organ
gonads (sex organs)
gonad/o
Ex: gonadopathy, gonadogenesis
help with reproduction and with expression of male/female characteristics
pancreas
pancreat/o
Ex: pancreatitis, pancreatolith
both an endocrine gland and gastrointestinal organ, as a gland, it sends hormones directly into the bloodstream that help keep the blood sugar level in balance
pituitary gland
pituitar/o, hypophys/o
Ex: hyperpituitarism, hypophysitis
pea-sized gland under the brain, origin of many important hormones (critical part of endocrine system)
thymus
thym/o
Ex: thymoma, thymectomy
thyroid
thyr/o, thryoid/o
Ex: thyrotoxin, thyroidectomy
makes hormones (T3 and T4) that affect that body’s metabolism, as well as a hormone that helps control the level of calcium in the blood.
sugar
gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o
Ex: glucocorticoid, glucosuria, hypoglycemia
glucose (which requires insulin to break it down) is the universal fuel of all living things and used in brain functions
to secrete
crin/o
Ex: endocrine, exocrine
endocrine = “to secrete internally” referring to chemicals secreted into the bloodsteams
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulate the outer part of the adrenal gland
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates the thyroid gland
luteinizing (LH) & follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulate the gonads
T3 & T4
thyroid hormones that affect metabolism
hyperthyroidism
higher-than-normal metabolism (everything speeds up)
leads to weight loss, increased hunger, diarrhea, and nervousness
hypothyroidism
slowed down metabolism (everything slows down)
leads to weight gain, decreased energy and appetite, and constipation
calcitonin
hormone released by the thyroid that encourages the uptake of calcium in the blood into bone
insulin
hormone made in the pancreas
decreases the level of sugar in the blood, encourages cells to open up to the blood sugar (glucose) and take it in
glucagon
hormone made in the pancreas
works against insulin, tells the liver to make more sugar and thus increase the level of sugar in the blood
epinephrine
made in the inner part of the adrenal gland
fight-or-flight response, increases heart rate and opens airway to more oxygen
corticosteroids
made in the outer part of the adrenal gland (cortex)
steroid hormones that deal with mineral balance (mineralcorticoids) and sugar balance (glucocorticoids)