Final Exam: Urinary system infections Flashcards
Uncomplicated UTI:
occurs in otherwise healthy individuals with normal urinary tract structure; tends to resolve quickly, without recurrence, using first-line drugs
Complicated UTI
usually occurs in people with catheters, urinary tract malformations, or immune-compromised people; may not respond to first-line drug therapies, and tends to recur
Urinary catheter (Foley catheter)
a tube inserted through the urethra into the bladder that allows urine to drain into a bag; frequently used on bed-bound or surgical patients
Urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
Cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
Urethritis
inflammation of the ureter
Pyelonephritis
inflammation of the kidneys
Renal failure
a condition where kidneys cannot effectively filter waste from the blood or balance fluids
Lower UTIs
Urethritis and Cystitis
Lower UTIs if left untreated can progress to upper UTIs
Upper UTIs
Ureteritis and Pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis
Can leave scar tissue in the kidneys
Impairs kidneys functions
May lead to renal failure
Enteric bacteria
Cause UTIs
Bacteria normally found in the intestinal tract
E.coli is the most frequently implicated bacterial pathogen for UTIs
Other enteric bacteria that cause UTIs
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Citrobacter Species
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs)
Account for ~1 million cases of complicated UTIs each year
Most common type of healthcare-acquired infection
Most common cause of secondary bacteremia
Urinary catheter (Foley catheter):
a tube inserted through the urethra into the bladder that allows urine to drain into a bag; frequently used on bed-bound or surgical patients
Why CAUTIs are dangerous
Urinary catheters pose risks of causing urinary tract infections because they provide a surface for bacterial biofilms to establish and they can introduce bacteria from the skin, anal, or external genital areas into the bladder
Most common Gram-positive bacteria isolated in uncomplicated UTIs
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Enterococcus faecalis
Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
Staphylococcus aureus
E. Coli**
Signs and Symptoms of lower UTIs
Frequent and urgent urination that may be painful (dysuria)
Pyuria (pus in the urine) and/or hematuria (blood in the urine) may also develop
Cloudy, smelly urine
Lower abdominal pain
Signs and Symptoms of upper UTIs
Fever, nausea, and vomiting
Severe abdominal and lower back pain near the waistline (flank pain)
Urine Dipstick test
Indirectly assesses WBC levels by checking for an enzyme called leukocyte esterase
Most common method for detecting UTIs is using clean-catch urine sample
Urine Cultures
Sheep Blood Trypticase Soy Agar (BAP) & MacConkey Agar
Calibrated Loop 0.001 ml or 1ul
