Final Exam: Urinary system infections

Question 1

Uncomplicated UTI:

Answer 1

occurs in otherwise healthy individuals with normal urinary tract structure; tends to resolve quickly, without recurrence, using first-line drugs

Question 2

Complicated UTI

Answer 2

usually occurs in people with catheters, urinary tract malformations, or immune-compromised people; may not respond to first-line drug therapies, and tends to recur

Question 3

Urinary catheter (Foley catheter)

Answer 3

a tube inserted through the urethra into the bladder that allows urine to drain into a bag; frequently used on bed-bound or surgical patients

Question 4

Urethritis

Answer 4

inflammation of the urethra

Question 5

Cystitis

Answer 5

inflammation of the bladder

Question 6

Urethritis

Answer 6

inflammation of the ureter

Question 7

Pyelonephritis

Answer 7

inflammation of the kidneys

Question 8

Renal failure

Answer 8

a condition where kidneys cannot effectively filter waste from the blood or balance fluids

Question 9

Lower UTIs

Answer 9

Urethritis and Cystitis
Lower UTIs if left untreated can progress to upper UTIs

Question 10

Upper UTIs

Answer 10

Ureteritis and Pyelonephritis

Question 11

Chronic pyelonephritis

Answer 11

Can leave scar tissue in the kidneys
Impairs kidneys functions
May lead to renal failure

Question 12

Enteric bacteria

Answer 12

Cause UTIs
Bacteria normally found in the intestinal tract
E.coli is the most frequently implicated bacterial pathogen for UTIs

Question 13

Other enteric bacteria that cause UTIs

Answer 13

Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Citrobacter Species

Question 14

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs)

Answer 14

Account for ~1 million cases of complicated UTIs each year
Most common type of healthcare-acquired infection
Most common cause of secondary bacteremia

Question 15

Urinary catheter (Foley catheter):

Answer 15

a tube inserted through the urethra into the bladder that allows urine to drain into a bag; frequently used on bed-bound or surgical patients

Question 16

Why CAUTIs are dangerous

Answer 16

Urinary catheters pose risks of causing urinary tract infections because they provide a surface for bacterial biofilms to establish and they can introduce bacteria from the skin, anal, or external genital areas into the bladder

Question 17

Most common Gram-positive bacteria isolated in uncomplicated UTIs

Answer 17

Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Enterococcus faecalis
Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
Staphylococcus aureus
E. Coli**

Question 18

Signs and Symptoms of lower UTIs

Answer 18

Frequent and urgent urination that may be painful (dysuria)
Pyuria (pus in the urine) and/or hematuria (blood in the urine) may also develop
Cloudy, smelly urine
Lower abdominal pain

Question 19

Signs and Symptoms of upper UTIs

Answer 19

Fever, nausea, and vomiting
Severe abdominal and lower back pain near the waistline (flank pain)

Question 20

Urine Dipstick test

Answer 20

Indirectly assesses WBC levels by checking for an enzyme called leukocyte esterase
Most common method for detecting UTIs is using clean-catch urine sample

Question 21

Urine Cultures

Answer 21

Sheep Blood Trypticase Soy Agar (BAP) & MacConkey Agar
Calibrated Loop 0.001 ml or 1ul