Final Exam Review Sheet Flashcards
HSV1
Mouth cold soars
Herpes Simplex Virus-1
Treated by: Acylivere
HSV2
Known as Herpes simplex virus-2
The main cause of Genital Herpes and Neonatal Herpes
Can result in ulcers after infection
Goes dormant in peripheral nerve, near where lesions developed
No cures for herpes
Teardrop on rose pedal soars
HPV
cause the most common STI in the world
HPV causes ~90% of cervical cancers
>200 known subtypes of HPV, 40 subtypes are sexually transmitted
Types 6 and 11 are best known for causing genital warts
Detected for PAP Smear
Chancroid
Disease caused by Gram-negative nonmotile rod Haemophilus ducreyi
more common in men than women
Common cofactor for HIV transmission
Ulcerative lesions
Trachoma
A biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis
responsible for the blindness or visual impairment of about 1.9 million people
Infection spreads through personal contact (via hands, clothes or bedding) and by flies that have been in contact with infected person
Leads to permanent damage to the cornea
Treatment: Erythromycin eyedrops
TORCH pathogens: how do they cause disease
vertically transmitted to a developing fetus
Pap smears, advantages and disadvantages?
Cervical brush removes cervical cells for microscopic evaluation
Easy and cheap evaluation of the cells
Which STI have vaccines available?
Human papilloma viruses (HPVs)
Which can be easily treated with antibiotics?
Chlamydia trachomatis
Gonorrhea
Which organism is most often responsible for neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis?
Gonorrhea, uses erythromyesin
Ureteritis
inflammation of the ureter
Cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
Pyelonephritis
inflammation of the kidneys
Urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
Condylomata lata
Associated with: Syphillis (Trepedima pallidum)
Uncomplicated UTI
occurs in otherwise healthy individuals with normal urinary tract structure; tends to resolve quickly, without recurrence, using first-line drugs
E.coli is an example
Complicated UTI
usually occurs in people with catheters, urinary tract malformations, or immune-compromised people; may not respond to first-line drug therapies, and tends to recur
Secondary bacteremia
Common places: Bladder and lungs
How can Urinary catheters increase the chance of CAUTIs?
they provide a surface for bacterial biofilms to establish and they can introduce bacteria from the skin, anal, or external genital areas into the bladder
Urine cultures
Sheep Blood Trypticase Soy Agar (BAP) & MacConkey Agar
Calibrated Loop 0.001 ml or 1ul
Quantification methods for bacteria
<1,000 cfu/ul = negative urine culture= negative / no growth
1,000- 9,000 cfu/ul = clinically insignificant
10,000- 50,000 cfu/ul = positive urine culture = ID + Sensi
>100,000 cfu/ul = acute positive urine culture = ID + Sensi
Urine Dipstick test – what does it indirectly measure?
Indirectly assesses WBC levels by checking for an enzyme called leukocyte esterase
Nitrite Levels
Most common bacteria in UTIs
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Citrobacter Species
Gram-positive:
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Enterococcus faecalis
Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
Staphylococcus aureus
Common E.coli
Encephalomyelitis
Inflammation of both brain and meninges
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the lining of the heart
Encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
CNS
Integrates information received
Sends back an “action plan”
Composed of the spinal cord and brain
PNS
Inputs and transmits information
Composed of nerves
What diagnostic tool is used to confirm a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis?
A lumbar puncture allows for CSF analysis to differentiate between viral and bacterial meningitis
Lookin under a microscope
How do we detect presence of viral agents (antigens or antibodies)?
Through antigens
Can any organism cause meningitis? Think about the Blood brain barrier theory
No, Bacteria require a very special set of virulence factors in order to slip through this barrier
Viruses have an easier time invading the CNS, but still encounter challenges
Erysipelas
A common condition in children and elderly
Impetigo spreads to surrounding skin and lymph nodes
Symptoms include:
Fever, Chills, Leukocytosis, If untreated, erysipelas may be fatal
Cellulitis
A deeper Staphylococcus infection of the lower dermal and subcutaneous fat
Seen in adults
Characterized by red, swollen, painful skin
Accompanied by fever, leukocytosis, and lymphangitis
Impetigo
Highly contagious skin infection by Staphylococcus aureus, Secondary bacterial infections possible
Pus filled vesicles on face, lips or extremities
signs and symptoms:
Superficial pus-filled vesicles, Reddened skin (face, lips, or extremities), Itchy vesicles can rupture and ooze, Crust over into honey-colored lesions
Pseudomonads opportunistic pathogens or true pathogens?
opportunistic pathogens
What organism causes scalded skin syndrome?
Exfolative toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus
How does infection with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome affect the body?
Bacterial toxins are released into the bloodstream
Causes drop in blood pressure and organ failure
May manifest with a skin rash
Food poisoning
Bacteria don’t actively grow in the host
Symptoms are triggered by ingested enterotoxins (a type of exotoxin), They may be emetic (trigger vomiting)
Causes inflammation of intestinal cells, Prevents water absorption, Leads to diarrhea and abdominal pain
Food infection
Infection that results from ingesting food that harbors live bacterial pathogens that infect the GI tract.
Most common are caused by:
E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella species, Campylobacter species
Lower GI Endoscopy
Aka colonoscopy
can’t confirm the specific pathogen
Colonoscope is entered through anus and used to view rectum and large intestine
Upper GI Endoscopy
can’t confirm the specific pathogen
Endoscope is inserted through the mouth and used to view the esophagus, stomach and small intestine
Vitamin K production in the intestines is from the help of which organism?
Escherichia coli
In the lab which tests help identify the pathogen responsible for a GI infection?
Collecting fecal samples for:
Culturing on selective and differential media (e.g., MacConkey agar)
Molecular diagnostic analysis
Microscopic examination to identify parasites or their eggs
Sepsis
Not an infection, overwhelming response to a toxin or pathogen
Septic shock
Dangerously low blood pressure
O2 and nutrients cut off
Necrosis and organ failure
Look up proper definition
DIC
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Deregulated formation of blood clots throughout the body
Blocks blood flow and promotes organ failure and tissue necrosis
Lymphangitis
Look up later
What type of virus is Ebola?
Filoviridae family
Ebola virus, single-stranded RNA virus
What can septic shock lead to?
Dangerously low blood pressure
O2 and nutrients cut off
Necrosis and organ failure
What are the signs that a patient is sepsis?
Diarrhea, Vomiting, Pale skin, Sleepiness, Confusion/delirium, Lymphangitis
High white blood cell count, High lactate levels, High C-reactive protein levels, Low blood oxygen levels , Blood culture results
