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AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Dysbiosis

A

microbiota disruption

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2
Q

What could be said about Normal Microbiota and Opportunistic Pathogens

A

Though some microbes can be normal microbiota for on species, it could be a harmful pathogen for another

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3
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability of a microbe to cause disease

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4
Q

Virulence

A

The degree or extent of disease that a pathogen causes

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5
Q

Virulence: Low v High

A

low are easy to treat, high is difficult to treat

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6
Q

Virulence factors

A

ways pathogens overcome our defenses

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7
Q

What does it take for a pathogen to persist

A

Must endure over time
Must find a balance b/n breaking down defenses and living within a host

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8
Q

How are agents that kill a host quick like?

A

Cause high-mortality outbreaks
Are short in duration
Are geographically isolated

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9
Q

What happens when pathogen is grown in a culture?

A

Agent becomes attenuated, weakened, could be used as a vaccine

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10
Q

Infectious dose-50

A

Number of cells or virions needed to establish an infection in 50% of exposed hosts

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11
Q

Low v High ID-50

A

High: takes a lot more organisms to start infection
Low: only takes a few organisms to start an infection

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12
Q

Lethal dose-50

A

amount of toxin needed to kill 50% of affected hosts that aren’t treated

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13
Q

High v Low LD-50

A

High: Takes a lot of toxin to kill host
Low: Takes little toxin to kill host

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14
Q

Toxins

A

molecules that generate a range of adverse host effects such as tissue damage and suppressed immune response

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15
Q

Toxigenic

A

Microbes that make toxins

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16
Q

Toxemia

A

toxins in the bloodstream

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17
Q

Classes of toxins

A

Endotoxin
Exotoxin

18
Q

Endotoxin

A

Specific to gram “-“ bacteria, due to outer membrane having LPS, released into blood stream when bacteria dies

19
Q

Exotoxin

A

Toxic, soluble proteins that can affect a wide range of cells and can be gram “+” or “-“

20
Q

Exotoxin types

A

Neurotoxins – affect the nervous system
Enterotoxins – target the GI tract
Hepatotoxins – affect the liver
Nephrotoxins – damage the kidneys

21
Q

Type 1 Exotoxins

A

Membrane-acting extracellular toxins that bind to target via receptors on the surface

22
Q

Type 2 Exotoxins

A

Membrane-damaging toxins that disrupt the host cell plasma membrane causing lysis

23
Q

Type 3 Exotoxins

A

Intracellular toxins that bind to a receptor and enter the cell

24
Q

What are the 5 steps to infection?

A

Enter the host
Adhere to host tissues
Invade tissues and obtain nutrients
Replicate while warding off immune defenses
Transmit to a new host

25
Q

Portal of entry

A

any site that a pathogen uses to enter the host

26
Q

Adhesins

A

virulence factors used to stick to host cells in a specific or nonspecific manner

27
Q

Invasins

A

Allow pathogens to invade host tissues

28
Q

Cytopathic effects

A

Cytocidal: kills cells
Noncytocidal: non-lethal warfare on cells

29
Q

Latency

A

ability to exist with stealth inside host

30
Q

Antigenic masking

A

When in host, pathogen conceals antigenic features, by coating itself with host molecules

31
Q

Antigenic masking: Mimicry

A

Emulating host molecules, capsules resembling host carbohydrates

32
Q

Antigenic masking: Variation

A

Continuously altering its surface molecules, thus preventing immune response

33
Q

How do cells avoid phagocytosis

A

Bursting from of phagosome
Blocking fusion of phagosome with lysosome
Neutralize enzymes of phagocytes
Use chemical warfare against phagocytes

34
Q

Portal of Exit

A

like portal of entry, but for leaving. Isn’t usually the same as entry portal, but can be

35
Q

Symptoms when a pathogen transmits to others

A

Itchiness
Sneezing
Coughing
Diarrhea

36
Q

Biosafety levels

A

Dictates the behavior of the job, since healthcare workers in come in contact with pathogens on a near daily basis. However, not all pathogens have the same level of harm

37
Q

BSL criteria

A

Level infectivity
Mortality rates/extent of disease
Mode of transmission
Availability of preventions or treatments

38
Q

BSL 1-4

A

1.Rarely cause disease in healthy people
2.Infectious agents associated with human infection; not airborne
3. Serious or lethal human diseases, Many have airborne transmission
4. Dangerous and “exotic” pathogens, Tend to be lethal in humans

39
Q

Standard/universal precautions

A

Limiting bloodborne pathogens
All patients are treated like they are that
Handling precautions

40
Q

Transmission precaustion

A

1-contact disease transmission: Minimize transmission of infectious agents spread by fomites and healthcare workers
2-droplet disease transmission: Procedural mask when in the patient’s room
Limit patient transport
3-airborne disease transmission: Airborne infection isolation room (AIIR)
Specialized pressure systems

AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology (17 decks)

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