Exam 3 Review sheet

Question 1

Mechanical Barrier

Answer 1

rinse, flush, or trap pathogens to limit their spread into the body

Question 2

Mechanical Barrier: Examples

Answer 2

tears, urine, saliva, mucus membranes

Question 3

Chemical Barrier

Answer 3

may directly attack invaders or establish environments that limit pathogen survival in or on a particular tissue

Question 4

Lysozyme

Answer 4

found in secretions (e.g., tears, breast milk) and breaks down bacterial cell walls

Question 5

Inflammation

Answer 5

essential to healing and immunity, but if unregulated it starts to damages our own tissues

Question 6

Neutrophils

Answer 6

Most numerous white blood cells in circulation
Contain multilobed segmented nucleus
First leukocytes recruited to injured tissues

Question 7

Lymphocytes

Answer 7

Account for ~25% of circulating WBC
Contain large rounded nucleus and limited cytoplasm
Include Natural killer (NK) cells, B cells, and T cells

Question 8

Eosinophils

Answer 8

Account for <5% of the total WBC population
Possess granules containing diverse enzymes and antimicrobial toxins
Combat parasitic infections

Question 9

Basophils

Answer 9

<1% of WBC population
Possess granules packed with defense molecules (e.g., histamine)
Combat parasitic infections and have roles in allergic responses

Question 10

Monocytes

Answer 10

Account for ~10% of circulating leukocytes
Levels can increase due to chronic infections and inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and certain cancers
Migrate out of the circulatory system into tissues and mature into macrophages

Question 11

Macrophages

Answer 11

Highly phagocytic
Destroy a wide range of pathogens

Question 12

Granulocytes

Answer 12

cells with granules in their cytoplasm that are visible when stained

Question 13

Agranulocyte

Answer 13

lack granules in cytoplasm

Question 14

Cytokine

Answer 14

Signaling proteins that allow cells to communicate with each other, initiating and coordinating immune actions

Question 15

Hapten

Answer 15

stimulates the production of antibody molecules only when conjugated to a larger molecule, called a carrier molecule

Question 16

Antigen

Answer 16

Any substance that, if presented in the right context, may trigger an immune response

Question 17

Immunological memory

Answer 17

Secondary exposure to the same antigen is rapid and effective

Question 18

Immune

Answer 18

Specific protection conferred by adaptive immune responses

Question 19

Susceptible

Answer 19

Not immune to a given pathogen and it may cause infection

Question 20

Which cells are APCs ?

Answer 20

Dendritic cells, Macrophages, B cells

Question 21

What role does an APC do?

Answer 21

APCs show antigen to T cells

Question 22

How is lysozyme an important part of the innate immune system?

Answer 22

Since they’re a form of chemical barrier they directly attack the pathogen by breaking down bacterial cell walls.

Question 23

What are the goals of the first-line defenses?

Answer 23

Attempt to prevent pathogen entry

Question 24

What are the goals of the second-line defenses?

Answer 24

When first line defenses are breached, parts of the secondary are activated

Question 25

What are the primary lymphoid tissues?

Answer 25

Thymus and bone marrow

Question 26

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?

Answer 26

Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Question 27

What does primary Lymphoid tissue do?

Answer 27

Site of production and maturation of leukocytes

Question 28

What does secondary lymphoid tissue do?

Answer 28

Filter lymph

Question 29

Innate immunity vs. adaptive immunity

Answer 29

Innate: Inborn, ancient protection existing in one form or another in all eukaryotic organisms Generalized responses Non-specific immunity Adaptive: Only in vertebrate animals Matures over time Responses tailor to pathogens Typically requires 4–7 days to fully activate Exhibits memory

Question 30

structure of an antibody

Answer 30

2 heavy protein chains 2 light protein chains Held together by covalent bonds

Question 31

the role of antibodies

Answer 31

Bind to antigens that are triggered B cell's activation directly neutralize antigens to prevent them from interacting with target host cells

Question 32

what are the 5 different antibodies?

Answer 32

Snow Gathers At Every Door: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

Question 33

what do the 5 different antibodies do?

Answer 33

IgM: Made early in infection upon a primary antigen exposure IgG: Crosses the placenta. Detecting IgG to a particular antigen indicates the patient has been exposed to that antigen IgA: Found in secretions (e.g., tears, saliva, sweat, and breast milk) IgE: Functions to fight parasites and mediate allergic responses IgD: Unknown

Question 34

What are the different WBCs?

Answer 34

Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast Cells Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Dendritic Cells

Question 35

Roles for Neutrophil

Answer 35

First leukocytes recruited to injured tissues Release potent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) Phagocytize foreign cells and viruses Elevated neutrophil count may indicate an acute bacterial infection Most numerous white blood cells in circulation

Question 36

Role for Eosinophils:

Answer 36

Account for <5% of the total WBC population Contain large cytoplasmic granules that stain red-orange Possess granules containing diverse enzymes and antimicrobial toxins Exhibit moderate phagocytic activity Combat parasitic infections

Question 37

Role For Basophils:

Answer 37

<1% of WBC population Contain a double-lobed nucleus and cytoplasmic granules Possess granules packed with defense molecules (e.g., histamine) Combat parasitic infections and have roles in allergic responses

Question 38

Role for Mast Cells:

Answer 38

Release histamine Play a role in allergies and fighting parasites Able to conduct phagocytosis Common in tissues near body openings (e.g., skin and mucous membranes of the airway and gastrointestinal tract)

Question 39

Role for Lymphocytes:

Answer 39

Account for ~25% of circulating WBC Contain large rounded nucleus and limited cytoplasm Include Natural killer (NK) cells, B cells, and T cells

Question 40

Role for Monocytes:

Answer 40

Largest agranular white blood cells Account for ~10% of circulating leukocytes Migrate out of the circulatory system into tissues and mature into macrophages (which are highly phagocytic)

Question 41

Role for Dendritic Cells:

Answer 41

Highly phagocytic Found in most body tissues Patrol tissues and phagocytize a broad range of antigens

Question 42

What is the role of MHC I in the immune response?

Answer 42

Presenting Intracellular Antigens to T Cytotoxic Cells

Question 43

What is the role of MHC II in the immune response?

Answer 43

Presenting Extracellular Antigens to T Helper Cells