Chapter 15

Question 1

Antimicrobial drugs

Answer 1

Compound to kill microbes or prevent their growth

Question 2

Categories of antimicrobial drugs

Answer 2

Antibacterial: treats bacterial infection
Antiviral: targets viral infections
Antifungal: Target fungal infections
Antiparasitic: treats protozoans and helminthic infections

Question 3

Alexander Fleming

Answer 3

Creator of penicillin, by determining that a mold excreted a compound that could inhibit the bacteria

Question 4

Broad-spectrum drugs

Answer 4

effective on gram-negative and positive bacteria

Question 5

Narrow-Spectrum drugs

Answer 5

target limited range of bacteria

Question 6

Empiric therapy

Answer 6

commonly started to protect patient form infection getting worse, until a proper Narrow-Spectrum drug is prescribed

Question 7

Bacteriostatic

Answer 7

Prevents bacteria from growing
Targes bacterial protein synthesis and metabolic pathways

Question 8

Bactericidal

Answer 8

Kills bacteria
Targets cell walls and membranes
Does the job but with drawbacks

Question 9

antimicrobial drug types

Answer 9

Natural antibiotics: Naturally occurring compounds
Synthetic: Manufactured by chemical processes
Semisynthetic: Chemical modification of naturally occurring antibiotics

Question 10

First generation drugs

Answer 10

first round of chemical modification

Question 11

Second generation drugs

Answer 11

second round of chemical modification

Question 12

Therapeutic index

Answer 12

ratio of safe dose to minimum effectiveness of drug

Question 13

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Answer 13

Used to ensure wellbeing of patient/ assess the benefits of a drug

Question 14

Toxicity considerations

Answer 14

while kidneys and liver can metabolize and eliminate drugs, they can be damaged

Question 15

Oral administration

Answer 15

easiest to get down. Though it has to be stable in the acid

Question 16

Parenteral

Answer 16

injection or fusion

Question 17

Injection methods

Answer 17

Intravenously: in vein
Intramuscularly: in muscle tissue
Subcutaneous: under skin

Question 18

Beta-lactam antimicrobials

Answer 18

Prevent protein cross-links that bind peptidoglycan’s carbohydrate chains together, aka the process of Transpeptidation

Question 19

Penicillin

Answer 19

Family of natural/semisynthetic compounds
Widely side effects are minimal

Question 20

Amoxicillin and ampicillin

Answer 20

Modification of penicillin G
Has extended spectrum but still susceptible to beta-lactamase

Question 21

Beta lactamase

Answer 21

bacteria make enzymes that inactivate beta-lactam drugs

Question 22

MRSA and ORSA

Answer 22

resistant staphylococcus aureus strains

Question 23

Cephalosporins

Answer 23

Largest collection of beta lactam drugs
Broad spectrum bactericidal drug
Prefix: cef/ceph
For people with penicillin allergies
Exist naturally and have been modified

Question 24

Carbapenems

Answer 24

Beta-lactam drugs that target bacterial cell wall construction
Suffix: penem-
Are effective against MDR strains of bacteria
Usually reserved for HAIs/ patients whose infections are resisting previous treatments

Question 25

carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE

Answer 25

Strain of bacteria that resists even last resort drugs

Question 26

Kirby-Bauer test

Answer 26

Involves spreading test bacterium on the surface of Muller Hinton agar Disks are diffused with a set amount of specific drugs are placed on the agar surface and plates are incubated

Question 27

Zone of inhibition

Answer 27

area where bacteria doesn’t grow, where medicine diffuses into agar thus showing which antibacterial is most effective

Question 28

E-tests

Answer 28

Also involves the Mueller-Hinton agar plate However strips are sued with a variable gradient of the drug on the agar surface and then incubated

Question 29

Antimicrobial resistance

Answer 29

When a microbe isn't affected by drug therapy

Question 30

Superinfections

Answer 30

result when superbugs become the primary bacteria in an infection

Question 31

Intrinsic resistance

Answer 31

natural resistance in antimicrobial drugs; Genes encodes for resistance to certain drugs

Question 32

Acquired

Answer 32

when resistance comes from genetic mutation or by the acquisition of resistance genes

Question 33

What should a patient do?

Answer 33

Follow all drug-dosing instructions Execute follow-up as recommended Properly store medications Not demand antibiotics from their physician