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AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Antimicrobial drugs

A

Compound to kill microbes or prevent their growth

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2
Q

Categories of antimicrobial drugs

A

Antibacterial: treats bacterial infection
Antiviral: targets viral infections
Antifungal: Target fungal infections
Antiparasitic: treats protozoans and helminthic infections

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3
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

Creator of penicillin, by determining that a mold excreted a compound that could inhibit the bacteria

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4
Q

Broad-spectrum drugs

A

effective on gram-negative and positive bacteria

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5
Q

Narrow-Spectrum drugs

A

target limited range of bacteria

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6
Q

Empiric therapy

A

commonly started to protect patient form infection getting worse, until a proper Narrow-Spectrum drug is prescribed

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7
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Prevents bacteria from growing
Targes bacterial protein synthesis and metabolic pathways

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8
Q

Bactericidal

A

Kills bacteria
Targets cell walls and membranes
Does the job but with drawbacks

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9
Q

antimicrobial drug types

A

Natural antibiotics: Naturally occurring compounds
Synthetic: Manufactured by chemical processes
Semisynthetic: Chemical modification of naturally occurring antibiotics

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10
Q

First generation drugs

A

first round of chemical modification

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11
Q

Second generation drugs

A

second round of chemical modification

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12
Q

Therapeutic index

A

ratio of safe dose to minimum effectiveness of drug

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13
Q

Therapeutic drug monitoring

A

Used to ensure wellbeing of patient/ assess the benefits of a drug

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14
Q

Toxicity considerations

A

while kidneys and liver can metabolize and eliminate drugs, they can be damaged

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15
Q

Oral administration

A

easiest to get down. Though it has to be stable in the acid

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16
Q

Parenteral

A

injection or fusion

17
Q

Injection methods

A

Intravenously: in vein
Intramuscularly: in muscle tissue
Subcutaneous: under skin

18
Q

Beta-lactam antimicrobials

A

Prevent protein cross-links that bind peptidoglycan’s carbohydrate chains together, aka the process of Transpeptidation

19
Q

Penicillin

A

Family of natural/semisynthetic compounds
Widely side effects are minimal

20
Q

Amoxicillin and ampicillin

A

Modification of penicillin G
Has extended spectrum but still susceptible to beta-lactamase

21
Q

Beta lactamase

A

bacteria make enzymes that inactivate beta-lactam drugs

22
Q

MRSA and ORSA

A

resistant staphylococcus aureus strains

23
Q

Cephalosporins

A

Largest collection of beta lactam drugs
Broad spectrum bactericidal drug
Prefix: cef/ceph
For people with penicillin allergies
Exist naturally and have been modified

24
Q

Carbapenems

A

Beta-lactam drugs that target bacterial cell wall construction
Suffix: penem-
Are effective against MDR strains of bacteria
Usually reserved for HAIs/ patients whose infections are resisting previous treatments

25
Q

carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE

A

Strain of bacteria that resists even last resort drugs

26
Q

Kirby-Bauer test

A

Involves spreading test bacterium on the surface of Muller Hinton agar
Disks are diffused with a set amount of specific drugs are placed on the agar surface and plates are incubated

27
Q

Zone of inhibition

A

area where bacteria doesn’t grow, where medicine diffuses into agar thus showing which antibacterial is most effective

28
Q

E-tests

A

Also involves the Mueller-Hinton agar plate
However strips are sued with a variable gradient of the drug on the agar surface and then incubated

29
Q

Antimicrobial resistance

A

When a microbe isn’t affected by drug therapy

30
Q

Superinfections

A

result when superbugs become the primary bacteria in an infection

31
Q

Intrinsic resistance

A

natural resistance in antimicrobial drugs; Genes encodes for resistance to certain drugs

32
Q

Acquired

A

when resistance comes from genetic mutation or by the acquisition of resistance genes

33
Q

What should a patient do?

A

Follow all drug-dosing instructions
Execute follow-up as recommended
Properly store medications
Not demand antibiotics from their physician

AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology (17 decks)

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