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AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Viruses

A

a non-living pathogen, submicroscopic (very tiny), infectious agents

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2
Q

Virology

A

Study of viruses

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3
Q

Bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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4
Q

Animal viruses

A

Viruses that attack animals (aka us)

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5
Q

Virion

A

Single virus particle

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6
Q

Capsid

A

□ Protein shell that protects the genome and accounts for virions mass

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7
Q

Helical capsid

A

look like hollow tubes

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8
Q

Icosahedral Capsid

A

looks like 3d polygons

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9
Q

Complex Capsid

A

Deviations from icosahedral and helical capids

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10
Q

Enveloped viruses

A

have a lipid-based envelope that surrounds the capsid

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11
Q

Naked viruses

A

lack an envelope

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12
Q

Spikes

A

protrude from the viral capsid or envelope, help viruses attach and gain entry to host cells

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13
Q

Influenza A spikes

A

Hemagglutinin (HA)
Neuraminidase (NA)

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14
Q

How many genes does a virus have?

A

only about 300

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15
Q

Viral Genomes can be

A

RNA + DNA
Single or double stranded
Single or segmented sections
Circular or linear

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16
Q

Attenuated strains

A

genetic changes that limit infectivity

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17
Q

Antigenic shift

A

leads to increased infectivity or expanded host range

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18
Q

Antigenic drift

A

RNA genome mutates frequently causing major changes to HA and NA spikes

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19
Q

Host range

A

collection of species that viruses can infect

20
Q

Tropism

A

the turning of all or part of an organism in a particular direction in response to external stimulus

21
Q

Viral Tropism

A

ability of a particular virus to infect a particular cell or host species

22
Q

Lytic replication pathway: Steps

A

Attachment: binds to host cell
Penetration: injects genetic material to host
Replication: phage commandeers host cell factors to transcribe and translate viral genes
Assembly: ): Genome packed into capsid and phage structures assembled
Release: Bacterial cell lyses and new phages are released

23
Q

Lytic replication pathway

A

infect the host bacterial cell, build new virions, then kill the host

24
Q

Lysogenic replication pathway

A

infect bacterial cell, phage genome is incorporated in to host cell genome become prophage

25
Q

Lysogenic replication pathway: Steps

A

Attachment
Penetration
Phage genome is incorporated into the host cell genome forming a prophage
As the cell divides, it copies the prophage
Host cell is stressed, the prophage may excise itself from the host genome
Phage enters the lytic replication pathway

26
Q

Animal virus replication

A

Attachment
Penetration
Uncoating
Replication
Assembly
Release

27
Q

Acute infections

A

infect a host cell and new virions are made

28
Q

Persistent infection

A

viruses with replication strategies that allow them to avoid the immune system

29
Q

Persistent chronic infection

A

when virus enters but stays dormant enough to not trigger an immune response

30
Q

Persistent latent infection

A

has an immediate response, body tries to clear it but some stay in a dormant state until later

31
Q

Oncogenic viruses

A

viruses that cause cancer

32
Q

What is needed to grow virus samples?

A

host tissue, like rats for animal virus growth

33
Q

Why are diagnostic tests necessary?

A

to make sure products and tissues are safe

34
Q

Specificity

A

means that the test only detects the virus of interest

35
Q

Sensitivity

A

means the test detects very low levels of the target

36
Q

Agglutination tests

A

Purified antibodies linked to tiny latex beads

37
Q

ELISA

A

Can detect either antigens or antibodies in a sample

38
Q

Antiviral drug classification

A

Five main groups of antivirals based of what stage of the virus they attack

39
Q

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)

A

Mixture of antibodies that prevent viruses from binding and entering host cells

40
Q

Tamiflu + Relenza

A

Prevents influenza A and B from budding off cell surface

41
Q

Prions

A

infectious proteins, have no genetic material thus can’t replicate. Cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)

42
Q

Creuzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

A

Rare, degenerative and fatal brain disorder

43
Q

Creuzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD): Categories

A

Sporadic: appears even if patient has no known signs
Hereditary: patient has a family history of disease
Acquired: Usually done by certain procedures if exposed to brain and tissue

44
Q

Gerstmann-Straussler-Schienker

A

An extremely rare hereditary disease, the gene found in just a few families around the world

45
Q

Kuru

A

considered an acquired prion disease

AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology (17 decks)

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