Chapter 11

Question 1

Immune response

Answer 1

physiological process by the “immune system” to get rid of antigens

Question 2

Antigen

Answer 2

Any substance that, if presented in the right context, may trigger an immune response
Mostly proteins or polysaccharides that come from a bacterium, virus, fungus, or protist

Question 3

Innate Immunity

Answer 3

Inborn ancient protection existing in one form or another in all eukaryotic organisms
Generalized responses
Non-Specific immunity

Question 4

Adaptive immunity

Answer 4

Only in vertebrate animals
Matures over time
Responses tailor to pathogens
4-7 days to full activate
Exhibits memory

Question 5

Immune

Answer 5

Specific protection conferred by adaptive immune responses

Question 6

Susceptible

Answer 6

Not immune to a given pathogen and it may cause infection

Question 7

First-line defense

Answer 7

attempt to prevent pathogen entry, make sure they don’t get in

Question 8

First-line defense types

Answer 8

Mechanical
Chemical
Physical

Question 9

Mechanical barriers

Answer 9

trap pathogens to limit their spread into body
tears, urine, saliva, mucus membranes

Question 10

Chemical barriers

Answer 10

Directly attack invaders or establish environments that limit pathogen survival
Stomach acid, lysosomes in tears, breast milk, mucus

Question 11

Physical barriers

Answer 11

Structures that physically block pathogen entry
Skin

Question 12

Second-line defense

Answer 12

When the pathogen does inevitably get into the body
includes leukocytes and any other molecular factors

Question 13

Lymphatic system

Answer 13

Collect, circulate, and filter fluid in body tissues before it is returned to the blood

Question 14

Primary lymphoid tissues

Answer 14

Site of production and maturation of leukocytes
Thymus and bone marrow

Question 15

Secondary Lymphoid tissues

Answer 15

Filter lymph
Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Question 16

Thymus

Answer 16

Site of T cell maturation

Question 17

Bone marrow

Answer 17

main site of red/white blood cell production

Question 18

Lymph nodes

Answer 18

serve as a filtering and screening centers for lymph before returning to the blood

Question 19

Spleen

Answer 19

Place where leukocytes look for invaders
Filters blood rather than lymphatic fluid

Question 20

MALT

Answer 20

Diffuse system of lymphoid tissue

Question 21

Granulocytes

Answer 21

cells with granules in cytoplasm when stained

Question 22

Agranulogytes

Answer 22

cells with no granules in cytoplasm

Question 23

Natural killer cells

Answer 23

Abundant in the liber
Innate protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites and even tumor cells

Question 24

T and B cells

Answer 24

Coordinate the adaptive immune response

Question 25

WBC differential

Answer 25

Determines if any leukocytes are over or underrepresented in a patient's blood Gives insight to what the body might be responding to

Question 26

Leukocytosis

Answer 26

increase in leukocytes

Question 27

Cytokines

Answer 27

Signaling proteins that allow cells to communicate with each other

Question 28

Chemokines

Answer 28

specific cytokines, attract WBCs to areas where they're needed

Question 29

Chemotaxis

Answer 29

movement of motile cell or organisms in a direction corresponding to gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance

Question 30

Interleukins (ILs)

Answer 30

Activate adaptive and innate immune responses

Question 31

Interferons (IFNs)

Answer 31

Signaling molecules Signal when pathogens or tumor cells are detected

Question 32

Iron-Binding Proteins

Answer 32

Iron is a vital nutrient for most cells Ex. hemoglobin

Question 33

Iron-Binding Proteins: Pathogen methods

Answer 33

Siderophores – organic molecules that pull iron from our iron-binding proteins Hemolytic bacteria – break down red blood cells to get to the iron-rich hemoglobin inside

Question 34

Inflammation

Answer 34

Important part of our innate immune defense and is essential to healing Tissue injury initiates blood-clotting cascades Blood clots curb blood loss and limit pathogen spread

Question 35

Problems with inflammation

Answer 35

but if unregulated it starts to damages our own tissues

Question 36

Main goals of inflammation

Answer 36

Recruit immune defenses to injured tissue Limit spread of infectious agents Deliver o2 nutrients and chemical factors for tissue recover

Question 37

Signs of inflammation

Answer 37

Redness Pain Localized heat (not fever) Swelling Loss of function

Question 38

Chronic Inflammation

Answer 38

When inflammation goes on for too long Not useful or protective Exacerbates tissue injury Could cause certain disorders

Question 39

Fever

Answer 39

Abnormally high systemic body temperature

Question 40

Pyrogens

Answer 40

fever-inducing agents Trigger the release of cytokines that signal the hypothalamus to raise the body's baseline temp

Question 41

Levels of fever

Answer 41

Low-grade: 37.5°C to 38.3°C (99.5–101°F), Considered protective Life threatening: 40.5°C (105°F) Fatal: 43°C (109.4°F)