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AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Immune response

A

physiological process by the “immune system” to get rid of antigens

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2
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that, if presented in the right context, may trigger an immune response
Mostly proteins or polysaccharides that come from a bacterium, virus, fungus, or protist

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3
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Inborn ancient protection existing in one form or another in all eukaryotic organisms
Generalized responses
Non-Specific immunity

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Only in vertebrate animals
Matures over time
Responses tailor to pathogens
4-7 days to full activate
Exhibits memory

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5
Q

Immune

A

Specific protection conferred by adaptive immune responses

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6
Q

Susceptible

A

Not immune to a given pathogen and it may cause infection

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7
Q

First-line defense

A

attempt to prevent pathogen entry, make sure they don’t get in

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8
Q

First-line defense types

A

Mechanical
Chemical
Physical

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9
Q

Mechanical barriers

A

trap pathogens to limit their spread into body
tears, urine, saliva, mucus membranes

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10
Q

Chemical barriers

A

Directly attack invaders or establish environments that limit pathogen survival
Stomach acid, lysosomes in tears, breast milk, mucus

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11
Q

Physical barriers

A

Structures that physically block pathogen entry
Skin

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12
Q

Second-line defense

A

When the pathogen does inevitably get into the body
includes leukocytes and any other molecular factors

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13
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Collect, circulate, and filter fluid in body tissues before it is returned to the blood

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14
Q

Primary lymphoid tissues

A

Site of production and maturation of leukocytes
Thymus and bone marrow

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15
Q

Secondary Lymphoid tissues

A

Filter lymph
Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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16
Q

Thymus

A

Site of T cell maturation

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17
Q

Bone marrow

A

main site of red/white blood cell production

18
Q

Lymph nodes

A

serve as a filtering and screening centers for lymph before returning to the blood

19
Q

Spleen

A

Place where leukocytes look for invaders
Filters blood rather than lymphatic fluid

20
Q

MALT

A

Diffuse system of lymphoid tissue

21
Q

Granulocytes

A

cells with granules in cytoplasm when stained

22
Q

Agranulogytes

A

cells with no granules in cytoplasm

23
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Abundant in the liber
Innate protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites and even tumor cells

24
Q

T and B cells

A

Coordinate the adaptive immune response

25
Q

WBC differential

A

Determines if any leukocytes are over or underrepresented in a patient’s blood Gives insight to what the body might be responding to

26
Q

Leukocytosis

A

increase in leukocytes

27
Q

Cytokines

A

Signaling proteins that allow cells to communicate with each other

28
Q

Chemokines

A

specific cytokines, attract WBCs to areas where they’re needed

29
Q

Chemotaxis

A

movement of motile cell or organisms in a direction corresponding to gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance

30
Q

Interleukins (ILs)

A

Activate adaptive and innate immune responses

31
Q

Interferons (IFNs)

A

Signaling molecules
Signal when pathogens or tumor cells are detected

32
Q

Iron-Binding Proteins

A

Iron is a vital nutrient for most cells
Ex. hemoglobin

33
Q

Iron-Binding Proteins: Pathogen methods

A

Siderophores – organic molecules that pull iron from our iron-binding proteins
Hemolytic bacteria – break down red blood cells to get to the iron-rich hemoglobin inside

34
Q

Inflammation

A

Important part of our innate immune defense and is essential to healing
Tissue injury initiates blood-clotting cascades
Blood clots curb blood loss and limit pathogen spread

35
Q

Problems with inflammation

A

but if unregulated it starts to damages our own tissues

36
Q

Main goals of inflammation

A

Recruit immune defenses to injured tissue
Limit spread of infectious agents
Deliver o2 nutrients and chemical factors for tissue recover

37
Q

Signs of inflammation

A

Redness
Pain
Localized heat (not fever)
Swelling
Loss of function

38
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

When inflammation goes on for too long
Not useful or protective
Exacerbates tissue injury
Could cause certain disorders

39
Q

Fever

A

Abnormally high systemic body temperature

40
Q

Pyrogens

A

fever-inducing agents
Trigger the release of cytokines that signal the hypothalamus to raise the body’s baseline temp

41
Q

Levels of fever

A

Low-grade: 37.5°C to 38.3°C (99.5–101°F), Considered protective
Life threatening: 40.5°C (105°F)
Fatal: 43°C (109.4°F)

AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology (17 decks)

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