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AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

Goes into action when first and second innate defenses fail to contain the threat

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2
Q

Immune compromised

A

If any part of the innate or adaptive system is impaired

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3
Q

Difference of adaptive and innate response

A

Take longer to mount
Specific to a particular antigen

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4
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that, if presented in the right context, may trigger an immune response
Mostly proteins or polysaccharides

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5
Q

Division of adaptive immunity

A

Cellular response (T cell–mediated immunity)
Humoral response (antibody–mediated immunity)

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6
Q

Goal of AI division

A

Eliminate identified antigen and remember it so that next time adaptive responses are faster

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7
Q

Stages of Adaptive response

A

Stage 1 – Antigen Presentation
Stage 2 – Lymphocyte Activation
Stage 3 – Lymphocyte Proliferation and Differentiation
Stage 4 – Antigen Elimination and Memory

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8
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (Stage 1)

A

show antigen to T cells
Dendritic cells, Macrophages, B cells

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9
Q

Lymphocyte activation

A

When antigen is successfully, B and T cells are activated

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10
Q

Lymphocyte Proliferation and Differentiation

A

Activated B and T cells undergo multiple rounds of cell division to proliferate (clonal expansion)

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11
Q

Effector cells

A

actively engage in the response against the antigen

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12
Q

Memory cells

A

remain in lymphatic tissues to serve as a rapid recognition of the antigen if it’s encountered again later

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13
Q

Antigen Elimination and Memory

A

Cellular and humoral responses collaborate to eliminate the antigen against which they were activated
Once the threat passes, effector cells die off
Memory cells live for years in lymphatic tissues

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14
Q

Immunological memory

A

Secondary exposure to the same antigen is rapid and effective

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15
Q

T cell

A

Initially produced in the bone marrow then migrate to the thymus and undergo maturation
have roles in both the humoral and cellular branches of adaptive immunity
signal the B-cells to create antibodies and signal other T- cells to help fight the pathogen

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16
Q

B cells

A

Produced and mature in the bone marrow
coordinate the humoral response by making antibodies

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17
Q

Immunogenicity

A

Ability of an antigen to successfully trigger an immune response
Impacted by a combination of antigen size, molecular complexity, and chemical composition
Proteins > polysaccharides > lipids

18
Q

Epitopes

A

parts of an antigen that are recognized by B and T cells

19
Q

T cell receptors (TCRs) and B cell receptors (BCRs)

A

are antigen epitope recognition receptors
1,000s of receptors on their surface
Each receptor on a cell recognizes the same epitope
B or T cell binds to a specific epitope of an antigen the cell becomes activated

20
Q

B cell activation

A

Differentiates into effector cells (Plasma cells)
Plasma cells make antibodies, which are a secreted form of the B cell receptors

21
Q

T Cell Activation

A

activation leads to differentiation into diverse cell lineages

22
Q

Main T cell differentiation

A

T cytotoxic cells (TC cells) – directly destroy infected or cancerous cells (CD8+ T cells)
T helper cells (TH cells) – do not directly seek and destroy invaders; coordinate an adaptive immune response by stimulating other white blood cell (CD4+ T cells)

23
Q

T helper cell types

A

TH1: Activate T cytotoxic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells to destroy intracellular pathogens
TH2: Stimulate B cells to make antibodies
TH3: Control functions of other white blood cells

24
Q

Major Histone Compatibility Complexes (MHCs)

A

important for antigen presentation

25
Q

MHC I

A

Presents to T cytotoxic cells

26
Q

MHC II

A

APCs make MCH 2 only, and presents to T helper cells

27
Q

antibodies

A

Bind to antigens that are triggered B cell’s activation, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig)
neutralize antigens to prevent them from interacting with target host cells

28
Q

Antibody structure

A

2 heavy protein chains
2 light protein chains
Held together by covalent bonds

29
Q

antigen-binding sites

A

The tips of the antibodies

30
Q

5 types of antibodies

A

Snow, Gathers, At, Every Door
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

31
Q

IgG

A

Constitutes 85% of antibody in human blood
Found in all bodily fluids
Monomer
Crosses the placenta

32
Q

IgM

A

Mainly in blood
Accounts for up to 10% of total antibodies
Made early in infection upon a primary antigen exposure
Exists as either a monomer or pentamer

33
Q

IgA

A

Accounts for up to 15% of total antibodies
Prevalent in mucous (e.g., mucous membranes of the gut, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract)
Found in secretions (e.g., tears, saliva, sweat, and breast milk)
Exists as a monomer or as a dimer

34
Q

IgE

A

Present in very low concentrations
Found mostly in lungs, skin, and mucous membranes
Monomer
Functions to fight parasites and mediate allergic responses
Causes mast cells and basophils to release their granules as allergy mediators (e.g., histamine, leukotriene)

35
Q

IgD

A

Sparsely represented antibody
Mainly found on the surface of B cells
Monomer
Precise function remains unknown

36
Q

Secondary immune response

A

requires the coordinated activity of memory B and T cells

37
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

From previous infection
Memory cells and antibodies are found, thus confers a long-term protection

38
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Passed from the placenta
Antibodies to an antigen through nonmedical means
Don’t confer long-term protection, only temporary

39
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

Vaccination triggers immune response
Result in formation of memory cells and antibodies
Also confers long-term protection

40
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

Antivenom neutralizes toxin (antibodies are directed towards the toxin)
Patient gets protective antibodies from a medical treatment
Temporary protection

AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology (17 decks)

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