Chapter 12

Question 1

Adaptive immune response

Answer 1

Goes into action when first and second innate defenses fail to contain the threat

Question 2

Immune compromised

Answer 2

If any part of the innate or adaptive system is impaired

Question 3

Difference of adaptive and innate response

Answer 3

Take longer to mount
Specific to a particular antigen

Question 4

Antigen

Answer 4

Any substance that, if presented in the right context, may trigger an immune response
Mostly proteins or polysaccharides

Question 5

Division of adaptive immunity

Answer 5

Cellular response (T cell–mediated immunity)
Humoral response (antibody–mediated immunity)

Question 6

Goal of AI division

Answer 6

Eliminate identified antigen and remember it so that next time adaptive responses are faster

Question 7

Stages of Adaptive response

Answer 7

Stage 1 – Antigen Presentation
Stage 2 – Lymphocyte Activation
Stage 3 – Lymphocyte Proliferation and Differentiation
Stage 4 – Antigen Elimination and Memory

Question 8

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (Stage 1)

Answer 8

show antigen to T cells
Dendritic cells, Macrophages, B cells

Question 9

Lymphocyte activation

Answer 9

When antigen is successfully, B and T cells are activated

Question 10

Lymphocyte Proliferation and Differentiation

Answer 10

Activated B and T cells undergo multiple rounds of cell division to proliferate (clonal expansion)

Question 11

Effector cells

Answer 11

actively engage in the response against the antigen

Question 12

Memory cells

Answer 12

remain in lymphatic tissues to serve as a rapid recognition of the antigen if it’s encountered again later

Question 13

Antigen Elimination and Memory

Answer 13

Cellular and humoral responses collaborate to eliminate the antigen against which they were activated
Once the threat passes, effector cells die off
Memory cells live for years in lymphatic tissues

Question 14

Immunological memory

Answer 14

Secondary exposure to the same antigen is rapid and effective

Question 15

T cell

Answer 15

Initially produced in the bone marrow then migrate to the thymus and undergo maturation
have roles in both the humoral and cellular branches of adaptive immunity
signal the B-cells to create antibodies and signal other T- cells to help fight the pathogen

Question 16

B cells

Answer 16

Produced and mature in the bone marrow
coordinate the humoral response by making antibodies

Question 17

Immunogenicity

Answer 17

Ability of an antigen to successfully trigger an immune response
Impacted by a combination of antigen size, molecular complexity, and chemical composition
Proteins > polysaccharides > lipids

Question 18

Epitopes

Answer 18

parts of an antigen that are recognized by B and T cells

Question 19

T cell receptors (TCRs) and B cell receptors (BCRs)

Answer 19

are antigen epitope recognition receptors
1,000s of receptors on their surface
Each receptor on a cell recognizes the same epitope
B or T cell binds to a specific epitope of an antigen the cell becomes activated

Question 20

B cell activation

Answer 20

Differentiates into effector cells (Plasma cells)
Plasma cells make antibodies, which are a secreted form of the B cell receptors

Question 21

T Cell Activation

Answer 21

activation leads to differentiation into diverse cell lineages

Question 22

Main T cell differentiation

Answer 22

T cytotoxic cells (TC cells) – directly destroy infected or cancerous cells (CD8+ T cells)
T helper cells (TH cells) – do not directly seek and destroy invaders; coordinate an adaptive immune response by stimulating other white blood cell (CD4+ T cells)

Question 23

T helper cell types

Answer 23

TH1: Activate T cytotoxic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells to destroy intracellular pathogens
TH2: Stimulate B cells to make antibodies
TH3: Control functions of other white blood cells

Question 24

Major Histone Compatibility Complexes (MHCs)

Answer 24

important for antigen presentation

Question 25

MHC I

Answer 25

Presents to T cytotoxic cells

Question 26

MHC II

Answer 26

APCs make MCH 2 only, and presents to T helper cells

Question 27

antibodies

Answer 27

Bind to antigens that are triggered B cell's activation, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig) neutralize antigens to prevent them from interacting with target host cells

Question 28

Antibody structure

Answer 28

2 heavy protein chains 2 light protein chains Held together by covalent bonds

Question 29

antigen-binding sites

Answer 29

The tips of the antibodies

Question 30

5 types of antibodies

Answer 30

Snow, Gathers, At, Every Door IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

Question 31

IgG

Answer 31

Constitutes 85% of antibody in human blood Found in all bodily fluids Monomer Crosses the placenta

Question 32

IgM

Answer 32

Mainly in blood Accounts for up to 10% of total antibodies Made early in infection upon a primary antigen exposure Exists as either a monomer or pentamer

Question 33

IgA

Answer 33

Accounts for up to 15% of total antibodies Prevalent in mucous (e.g., mucous membranes of the gut, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract) Found in secretions (e.g., tears, saliva, sweat, and breast milk) Exists as a monomer or as a dimer

Question 34

IgE

Answer 34

Present in very low concentrations Found mostly in lungs, skin, and mucous membranes Monomer Functions to fight parasites and mediate allergic responses Causes mast cells and basophils to release their granules as allergy mediators (e.g., histamine, leukotriene)

Question 35

IgD

Answer 35

Sparsely represented antibody Mainly found on the surface of B cells Monomer Precise function remains unknown

Question 36

Secondary immune response

Answer 36

requires the coordinated activity of memory B and T cells

Question 37

Naturally acquired active immunity

Answer 37

From previous infection Memory cells and antibodies are found, thus confers a long-term protection

Question 38

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Answer 38

Passed from the placenta Antibodies to an antigen through nonmedical means Don't confer long-term protection, only temporary

Question 39

Artificially acquired active immunity

Answer 39

Vaccination triggers immune response Result in formation of memory cells and antibodies Also confers long-term protection

Question 40

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Answer 40

Antivenom neutralizes toxin (antibodies are directed towards the toxin) Patient gets protective antibodies from a medical treatment Temporary protection