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AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Infectious diesese

A

an illness caused by a pathogen

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2
Q

Epidemiology

A

Monitoring and controlling of disease to promote public health

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3
Q

Pathogens include?

A

Viruses, prions, bacteria, protozoans, helminths, fungi

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4
Q

Pathogen: definition

A

microorganism that can cause disease

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5
Q

Pathogen: Examples

A

Viruses, prions, bacteria, protozoans, helminths, fungi`

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6
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

pathogens that wait for the right time to infects host

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7
Q

True pathogens

A

infect host upon contact

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8
Q

Sporatic cases

A

isolated infections of a disease in a particular population

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9
Q

Endemic infections

A

routinely checked infections in a population or region (like head colds)

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10
Q

Epidemic

A

Widespread disease outbreak in a particular region during a specific time frame

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11
Q

Pandemic

A

When disease spreads beyond region

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12
Q

Emerging pathogens

A

Newley identified agents/pathogens that only caused sporadic cases

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13
Q

Reemerging pathogens

A

An infectious agent/pathogen that was under control but is now resurfacing

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14
Q

Zoonotic diseases

A

Pathogens that go from humans to animals

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15
Q

Noncommunicable

A

In terms of Micro, doesn’t spread from human to human (ie. zoonotic diseases)

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16
Q

Communicable diseases

A

Transmit from person to person

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17
Q

Contagious diseases

A

Diseases that are EASILY transferred from host to host

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18
Q

What does it mean when a patient is symptomatic?

A

During an active infection, the patient is showing signs and symptoms of infection

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19
Q

Signs

A

Objective indicators of infection, can be measured and verified (rashes, stool samples, fever)

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20
Q

Symptoms

A

Are what is sensed by the patient (what they feel)

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21
Q

Infection characterizations

A

Acute: rapid and onset progression
Chronic: slower onset progression
Latent: asymptomatic (no signs or symptoms)

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22
Q

Koch’s postulation

A
  1. Same organism must be present in every case
  2. Organism must be isolated from infected host and grown in new culture
  3. Isolated disease should cause same infection when introduced to host
  4. Organism must be isolated again from newly infected host
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23
Q

Koch’s postulation: limitations

A

Doesn’t apply to noninfectious diseases
Some diseases can’t be isolated
Some diseases are antiquated(weakened) in pure culture
Some microbes don’t infect nonhumans

24
Q

Reservoirs

A

animate or nonaminate habitat where pathogen is naturally found

25
Q

Sources

A

Spread infectious agents from reservoirs to hosts

26
Q

Sources: types

A

Endogenous: pathogen comes from host’s body
Exogenous: pathogens come from outside hosts body

27
Q

Exogenous sources: examples

A

Environmental
Animals
Humans

28
Q

Endogenous sources: examples

A

Misplaced microbiota
Disrupted microbiota and opportunistic pathogens

29
Q

Modes of transmission of pathogen

A

Direct and indirect contact

30
Q

Direct transmission

A

infection from direct contact (like a bite, of touch, or swimming in a pond)

31
Q

Vertical transmission

A

A type of direct contact when infection is passed from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, breast feeding

32
Q

Indirect transmission

A

When there is no direct physical contact b/n host and pathogen

33
Q

Indirect transmission: types

A

Airborne: pathogens that enter through respiratory route
Vehicle: pathogen on contaminated fomite (doorknob, needles, sheets)
Vector: Transmission by vectors

34
Q

Vector transmission types:

A

Biological: Vector organism has a part in pathogens lifecycle (ticks and mosquitos)
Mechanical: Spreads disease without being a part of pathogens lifecycle (flies, rats, cockroaches)

35
Q

What are the five stages of disease?

A

Incubation period
Prodromal period
Acute phase
Period of decline
Convalescent phase

36
Q

Incubation period

A

time between infection and signs and symptoms

37
Q

Prodromal period

A

Earliest symptoms develop

38
Q

Acute phase

A

Peak of disease, all notable signs and symptoms present

39
Q

Period of decline

A

Infection replication is under control and symptoms begin to go down

40
Q

Convalescent phase

A

Recovery begins

41
Q

Infectivity

A

How good infectious agent is good at infecting

42
Q

Virulence

A

Severity of disease

43
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of infectious agent to cause disease

44
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of what is upon people, focuses on diseases in populations to better understand them and prevent illness

45
Q

Goals of epidemiology

A

To educate about a new or existing disease in a population
intervene to protect and improve health in populations

46
Q

Host range

A

collection of hosts that a pathogen can use as a partner

47
Q

What is the importance of public education?

A

To break the epidemiology triangle by aiding people in understanding their role in preventing drug-resistant pathogens

48
Q

Quarantine

A

Time away from general population. Diseases with short incubation times can be controlled with quarantine

49
Q

Vector Control

A

Limiting number of biological vectors can help prevent spread of dangerous diseases

50
Q

Healthcare- Acquired Infections (HAIs)

A

Diseases developed in from healthcare intervention

51
Q

Common HAIs

A

Staph aureus
E coli
C difficile
P aeruginosa

52
Q

Basic preventative measures of HAIs

A

Hand washing
Consistent use of personal protective wear (gloves, masks, and gowns)
Environmental sanitization
Equipment sterilization
Limiting patient transport
Single patient equipment use
Patient isolation (as needed)

53
Q

Superbugs

A

HAIs drug resistant pathogens often originate in healthcare settings due to extensive antibiotic use

54
Q

Eradication

A

when there is no longer of any cases of a pathogen in the world

55
Q

Candidates for eradication

A

Easily identifiable
Treatable or preventable
Humans-specific
Note: Pathogens that can cause latent infections are harder to eradicate

AHS 202 Medical Mircobiology (17 decks)

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