Chapter 9

Question 1

Infectious diesese

Answer 1

an illness caused by a pathogen

Question 2

Epidemiology

Answer 2

Monitoring and controlling of disease to promote public health

Question 3

Pathogens include?

Answer 3

Viruses, prions, bacteria, protozoans, helminths, fungi

Question 4

Pathogen: definition

Answer 4

microorganism that can cause disease

Question 5

Pathogen: Examples

Answer 5

Viruses, prions, bacteria, protozoans, helminths, fungi`

Question 6

Opportunistic pathogens

Answer 6

pathogens that wait for the right time to infects host

Question 7

True pathogens

Answer 7

infect host upon contact

Question 8

Sporatic cases

Answer 8

isolated infections of a disease in a particular population

Question 9

Endemic infections

Answer 9

routinely checked infections in a population or region (like head colds)

Question 10

Epidemic

Answer 10

Widespread disease outbreak in a particular region during a specific time frame

Question 11

Pandemic

Answer 11

When disease spreads beyond region

Question 12

Emerging pathogens

Answer 12

Newley identified agents/pathogens that only caused sporadic cases

Question 13

Reemerging pathogens

Answer 13

An infectious agent/pathogen that was under control but is now resurfacing

Question 14

Zoonotic diseases

Answer 14

Pathogens that go from humans to animals

Question 15

Noncommunicable

Answer 15

In terms of Micro, doesn’t spread from human to human (ie. zoonotic diseases)

Question 16

Communicable diseases

Answer 16

Transmit from person to person

Question 17

Contagious diseases

Answer 17

Diseases that are EASILY transferred from host to host

Question 18

What does it mean when a patient is symptomatic?

Answer 18

During an active infection, the patient is showing signs and symptoms of infection

Question 19

Signs

Answer 19

Objective indicators of infection, can be measured and verified (rashes, stool samples, fever)

Question 20

Symptoms

Answer 20

Are what is sensed by the patient (what they feel)

Question 21

Infection characterizations

Answer 21

Acute: rapid and onset progression
Chronic: slower onset progression
Latent: asymptomatic (no signs or symptoms)

Question 22

Koch’s postulation

Answer 22

1. Same organism must be present in every case
2. Organism must be isolated from infected host and grown in new culture
3. Isolated disease should cause same infection when introduced to host
4. Organism must be isolated again from newly infected host

Question 23

Koch’s postulation: limitations

Answer 23

Doesn’t apply to noninfectious diseases
Some diseases can’t be isolated
Some diseases are antiquated(weakened) in pure culture
Some microbes don’t infect nonhumans

Question 24

Reservoirs

Answer 24

animate or nonaminate habitat where pathogen is naturally found

Question 25

Sources

Answer 25

Spread infectious agents from reservoirs to hosts

Question 26

Sources: types

Answer 26

Endogenous: pathogen comes from host's body Exogenous: pathogens come from outside hosts body

Question 27

Exogenous sources: examples

Answer 27

Environmental Animals Humans

Question 28

Endogenous sources: examples

Answer 28

Misplaced microbiota Disrupted microbiota and opportunistic pathogens

Question 29

Modes of transmission of pathogen

Answer 29

Direct and indirect contact

Question 30

Direct transmission

Answer 30

infection from direct contact (like a bite, of touch, or swimming in a pond)

Question 31

Vertical transmission

Answer 31

A type of direct contact when infection is passed from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, breast feeding

Question 32

Indirect transmission

Answer 32

When there is no direct physical contact b/n host and pathogen

Question 33

Indirect transmission: types

Answer 33

Airborne: pathogens that enter through respiratory route Vehicle: pathogen on contaminated fomite (doorknob, needles, sheets) Vector: Transmission by vectors

Question 34

Vector transmission types:

Answer 34

Biological: Vector organism has a part in pathogens lifecycle (ticks and mosquitos) Mechanical: Spreads disease without being a part of pathogens lifecycle (flies, rats, cockroaches)

Question 35

What are the five stages of disease?

Answer 35

Incubation period Prodromal period Acute phase Period of decline Convalescent phase

Question 36

Incubation period

Answer 36

time between infection and signs and symptoms

Question 37

Prodromal period

Answer 37

Earliest symptoms develop

Question 38

Acute phase

Answer 38

Peak of disease, all notable signs and symptoms present

Question 39

Period of decline

Answer 39

Infection replication is under control and symptoms begin to go down

Question 40

Convalescent phase

Answer 40

Recovery begins

Question 41

Infectivity

Answer 41

How good infectious agent is good at infecting

Question 42

Virulence

Answer 42

Severity of disease

Question 43

Pathogenicity

Answer 43

Ability of infectious agent to cause disease

Question 44

Epidemiology

Answer 44

Study of what is upon people, focuses on diseases in populations to better understand them and prevent illness

Question 45

Goals of epidemiology

Answer 45

To educate about a new or existing disease in a population intervene to protect and improve health in populations

Question 46

Host range

Answer 46

collection of hosts that a pathogen can use as a partner

Question 47

What is the importance of public education?

Answer 47

To break the epidemiology triangle by aiding people in understanding their role in preventing drug-resistant pathogens

Question 48

Quarantine

Answer 48

Time away from general population. Diseases with short incubation times can be controlled with quarantine

Question 49

Vector Control

Answer 49

Limiting number of biological vectors can help prevent spread of dangerous diseases

Question 50

Healthcare- Acquired Infections (HAIs)

Answer 50

Diseases developed in from healthcare intervention

Question 51

Common HAIs

Answer 51

Staph aureus E coli C difficile P aeruginosa

Question 52

Basic preventative measures of HAIs

Answer 52

Hand washing Consistent use of personal protective wear (gloves, masks, and gowns) Environmental sanitization Equipment sterilization Limiting patient transport Single patient equipment use Patient isolation (as needed)

Question 53

Superbugs

Answer 53

HAIs drug resistant pathogens often originate in healthcare settings due to extensive antibiotic use

Question 54

Eradication

Answer 54

when there is no longer of any cases of a pathogen in the world

Question 55

Candidates for eradication

Answer 55

Easily identifiable Treatable or preventable Humans-specific Note: Pathogens that can cause latent infections are harder to eradicate