Final Exam: Cardiovascular System Infections

Question 1

Most common bacterial phyla in blood microbiome

Answer 1

Proteobacteria
Actinobacteria
Firmicutes
Bacteroidetes
Fusobacteria (in red blood cells)

Question 2

Sepsis

Answer 2

overwhelming, body-wide inflammatory response to a pathogen or toxin; often due to a systemic infection, but localized infections may also trigger it; sepsis describes the immune response to an infection or toxin

Question 3

Septic shock

Answer 3

the most dangerous stage of sepsis that features tissue death and organ failure

Question 4

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Answer 4

the formation of blood clots in the bloodstream; lodge in capillaries and block blood flow to tissues
Blocks blood flow and promotes organ failure and tissue necrosis

Question 5

Lymphangitis

Answer 5

inflammation of the lymphatic vessels that may be evident as red streaks in the skin that radiate from the infection source to the nearest lymph node

Question 6

Intubation

Answer 6

insertion of a tube into the airway

Question 7

Analgesia

Answer 7

pain management/relief

Question 8

Bacteria or their toxins are frequently associated with sepsis

Answer 8

Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus species

Question 9

4 Signs of Sepsis

Answer 9

Abnormal body temperature: Above 101°F (38.3°C), Below 96.8°F (36°C)
Rapid heart rate (>90 beats per minute)
Increased respiratory rate (>20 breaths per minute)
Increased white blood cell count

Question 10

Other signs and symptoms of sepsis

Answer 10

Diarrhea
Vomiting
Pale skin
Sleepiness
Confusion/delirium
Lymphangitis

Question 11

Diagnosis of septic patients usually includes

Answer 11

High white blood cell count
High lactate levels
High C-reactive protein levels
Low blood oxygen levels
Blood culture results

Question 12

Hemorrhagic

Answer 12

a term often used to describe pathogens that interfere with host blood-clotting cascades

Question 13

Viral hemorrhagic fevers

Answer 13

Transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, bats, and blood contact when slaughtering infected animals
Mostly known for: bleeding from the eyes, mouth, ears, skin pores, and internal organs

Question 14

Ebola

Answer 14

Ebola virus, single-stranded RNA virus

Question 15

Ebola: Transmission

Answer 15

Fruit bats, apes, or monkeys are the suspected natural reservoir
Contact with an infected animal’s excrement
Handling or eating infected bushmeat
Spreads from person to person through contact with bodily fluids

Question 16

Ebola: Signs and symptoms

Answer 16

“Dry phase”: Fever, intense weakness, sore throat, headache, and muscle pain
“Wet phase”: Blood-tinged coughing, bloody diarrhea, and/or blood-laden vomit, Rash may appear, Severe internal and external bleeding, Multiple organ failure and shock

Question 17

Ebola: Mech of defense and complications

Answer 17

Inside the host, the virus attacks macrophages and dendritic cells
Elicits a massive inflammatory response
Virus can infect almost every cell in the body

Death occurs in half of infected individuals

Question 18

Ebola: Treatment and Prevention

Answer 18

Supportive therapy

Ebola vaccine is being developed
Survivors have lifelong immunity to the strain that infected them