Final Exam: Reproductive System Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

A

Include diverse agents that can be transmitted by sexual contact
Any STI that causes lesions/ulcers or pronounced inflammation lead to increased risk for transmission of HIV or other bloodborne STIs

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2
Q

Urogenital infections

A

Infections and disorders that may jointly affect the urinary and reproductive systems

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3
Q

Genital herpes: Etiological agent Transmission

A

Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)

Unprotected oral sex can transmit HSV-1 to the genital area
Oral sex may transmit HSV-2 from the genitals to the mouth

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4
Q

Genital herpes: Signs, Symptoms and Complications

A

Causes an initial, severe outbreak of ulcers as quickly as three days after transmission
“Dewdrop on a rose petal” lesions

Causes persistent latent infections
Virus lies dormant in peripheral nerves near the area where lesions had developed
Greater risk for HIV

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5
Q

Genital Herpes: Treatment and Prevention

A

No cure
Acyclovir (antiviral medication) can shorten outbreaks and suppress flare-ups

Condoms do not provide full protection

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6
Q

Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) : Characteristics

A

Most common STI in the world
HPVs are so common that almost every sexually active person will be infected with some type of HPV in their lifetime

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7
Q

HPVs: Signs, Symptoms and Complications

A

Most infections are asymptomatic
Types 6 and 11 are best known for causing genital warts
Types 16 and 18 are cancer causing
HPV causes ~90% of cervical cancers

Increased risk of cancer

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8
Q

HPVs: Treatment and Prevention

A

Self-resolving infection within 2 years

HPV vaccine
Pap smear screening: Cervical brush removes cervical cells for microscopic evaluation

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9
Q

Chlamydia - Bacterial STI

A

Gram-negative bacteria
Lives inside eukaryotic cells
Agent: Chlamydia trachomatis

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10
Q

Chlamydia: Biovars

A

Trachoma: Some serovars target the eyes, Serovars D-K cause urogenital infections
Lymphogranuloma venereum

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11
Q

Trachoma

A

Blindness from trachoma is irreversible
Infection spreads through personal contact (via hands, clothes or bedding) and by flies that have been in contact with discharge

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12
Q

Chlamydia: Signs and Symptoms

A

In men: nongonococcal urethritis, dysuria, burning and itching of the penis, testicular swelling or pain, and discharge
In women: bleeding/spotting, dysuria, vaginal discharge with an odor, vaginal itching or burning, painful sexual intercourse, and pelvic pain with fever

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13
Q

Chlamydia: Complications

A

In men: chronic epididymitis (a highly convoluted duct behind the testis) and infertility
In women: pelvic inflammatory disease (inflammation of the female genital tract), accompanied by fever and lower abdominal pain and perinatal exposure

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14
Q

Chlamydia: Treatment

A

Relatively easy to cure with antibiotics
azithromycin (Z-PAK)– given as 2 or 4 tablets at once.
doxycycline – given as 2 capsules a day for a week

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15
Q

Gonorrhea: Etiological agent and Characteristics and transmission

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Sexually transmitted

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16
Q

Gonorrhea: Signs and Symptoms

A

Most infections are asymptomatic
often asymptomatic in women, infected men tend to develop dysuria and a whitish urethral discharge

17
Q

Gonorrhea: complication and diagnosis

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease, Infertility

Indistinguishable from chlamydia based solely on signs and symptoms
all of a patient’s sexual partners must be treated

18
Q

Gonorrhea: Treatment

A

Antimicrobial resistant strains are common (To penicillin)

CDC recommends combination therapy of ceftriaxone and azithromycin

19
Q

Gonorrhea: bonus facts

A

Perinatal exposure to a mother’s infected cervix can cause neonatal gonococcal infections (include conjunctivitis and sepsis)
Untreated, neonatal infections cause permanent blindness, arthritis, meningitis, or even death

20
Q

Syphilis: Etiological agent, transmission

A

Treponema pallidum, Gram-negative spirochete, Very few surface antigens that stimulate an immune response

The infection starts with contact with an infected person’s chancres (sores)

21
Q

Syphilis: Primary stage

A

Chancre at infection site
Invade the central nervous system
Subsides in 4–6 weeks
Immune system doesn’t usually kill all the bacteria

22
Q

Syphilis Secondary stage

A

Occurs ~3 months after initial infection
Usually involves a rash
Condylomata lata in a subset of patients
Swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, patchy hair loss, fever, muscle aches, or malaise may also occur
Symptoms usually disappear within 3 months
Bacteria enters a latent period that lasts for months to years

23
Q

Syphilis: Tertiary stage

A

Causes lesions on the skin and bones, heart damage
known for neurological symptoms:
Insomnia, vertigo, and seizures can be observed 5 to 10 years after infection
Partial paralysis, loss of sensation, memory impairment, and hallucinations can occur decades after infection
Can be fatal

24
Q

TORCH Agents

A

pathogens that can be vertically transmitted to a developing fetus
A number of pathogens can cross the placenta and affect the fetus
Can cause: Stillborn baby, Congenital defects, Spontaneous abortion

25
Q

TORCH Pathogens

A

Toxoplasma gondii
Other infections: HIV, syphilis, parvovirus B19, listeriosis, varicella-zoster virus, coxsackievirus, enteroviruses, and Zika virus
Rubella virus
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex viruses

26
Q

Vaginal microbiome in reproductive-age women are dominated by

A

Lactobacillus genus, produce lactic acid and acts to limit infections by:
Lowering vaginal pH to 3.5–4.5
Limiting certain microbial growth
Vaginal lactobacilli produce bacteriocins
Limiting the growth of competing bacteria

27
Q

dysbiosis

A

Increase of vaginal pH
May allow for opportunistic infection
Over-the-counter antifungal creams, ointments or suppositories (with miconazole or clotrimazole) are the most common ways to treat yeast infections.