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Physiology 2 > Final Exam: Thyroid + Parathyroid Glands > Flashcards

Final Exam: Thyroid + Parathyroid Glands Flashcards

1
Q

viscous protein rich liquid that is the main form of thyroid hormones, found in the follicular cells

A

colloid

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2
Q

Cell located outside the follicles that secretes calcitonin

A

C cell

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3
Q

what is the function of calcitonin

A

calcium metabolism

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4
Q

What two molecules are important for thyroid hormone synthesis

A

tyrosine and iodine

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5
Q

where is tyrosine derived from?

A

thyroglobulin

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6
Q

Where is thyroglobulin formed?

A

within the folicle cell and secreted into the colloid

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7
Q

where do we get iodide from?

A

iodine from the diet is converted to iodide in the intestine and transport to the thyroid

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8
Q

is concentration of iodide greater intra or extracellular?

A

inracellular

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9
Q

What is the first step in thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

oxidation of iodide to iodine

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10
Q

what enzyme helps in the oxidationof iodide to iodine

A

thyroid peroxidase (TPO)

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11
Q

what is organification of the thyroglobulin?

A

binding of iodine with the thyroglobulin molecule

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12
Q

Tyrosyl ring can accomodate __ iodine molecules

A

2

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13
Q

when 1 molecule attaches to the tyrosyl ring

A

monoiodotyrosine (MIT)

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14
Q

When 2 molecules attach to the tyrosyl ring

A

diiodotyrosine (DIT)

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15
Q

1DIT + 1DIT=

A

Thyroxine (T4)

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16
Q

1MIT + 1DIT=

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of T3

A
  1. Triiodothryronine

2. reverse T3

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18
Q

when is reverse T3 produced?

A

during disease states in peripheral tissues

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19
Q

The main drug used to treat hyperthyroidism is an inhibitor of _______

A

TPO

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20
Q

___ is the major hormone produced by follicular cells

A

T4

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21
Q

where does most of the body T3 come from

A

Peripheral deiodination of T4 on target tissues

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22
Q

thyroid hormones will be secreted after stimulation by ____ produced in the adenohypophysis

A

TSH

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23
Q

Where is TRH released from?

A

hypothalamus

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24
Q

How are thyroid hormones transported to target tissue?

A

in plasma attached to proteins (Thyroxine binding globulin and albumin)

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25
Thyroid hormones are the primary factors for the contorol of _____.
Metabolism
26
What are the 4 actions of thyroid hormones?
1. inc the number of mitochondria and activity of mitochondria 2. inc. the basal metabolic rate of cells 3. stimulate carbohydrate metabolism 3. fat metabolism 4. growth and development 5. inc. blood flow and cardiac output 6. inc. HR 7. GI effects
27
What are some C/S of hypothyroidism?
1. lethargy 2. weight gain 3. skin problems 4. myxedema 5. ocular problems 6. badicardia 7. hyperlipidemia
28
What are some C/S of hyperthyroidism?
1. polyphagia 2. wt. loss 3. hyperactivity 4. V+ 5. D+ 6. PU/PD 7. Alopecia 8. Tachycardia
29
Main organ involved in the calcium and phosphate metabolism
Parathyroid gland
30
What are the 2 functions of phosphate in physiological homeostasis?
1. participate as chemical buffer | 2. make up the composition of cell membrane and intracellular components
31
Where is most of the body's phosphate stored?
bones
32
What are some roles of calcium?
1. Muscle contraction 2. N. cell activity 3. Release of hormones by exocytosis 4. Coagulation 5. Activation of enzymes 6. Maintenance of membrane stability 7. Structural integrity of bones and teeth
33
Where is a majority of calcium stored in the body?
bones
34
What are the 3 diff ways calcium can be found in the blood?
1. bound to proteins (40%) 2. Combined with anions (10%) 3. Ionized (50%)
35
What is the biologically active form of calcium?
Ionized Ca
36
The regulation of calcium levels involves control of the movement of calcium between the ECF and what 3 organs?
1. Bones 2. GI tract 3. Kidneys
37
What 3 hormones are involved in the reagulation of calcium?
1. PTH 2. Vit. D 3. Calcitonin
38
WHere is PTH produced?
Chief Cells in the parathyroid
39
What are the two types of cells in the parathyroid gland?
1. chief cells | 2. oxyphil cells
40
What 2 hormones are produced in chief cells
PTH and Parathormone
41
Which cells in the parathyroid are sensitive to a dec. in iCa
chief
42
What type of receptors are located in chief cells?
Calcium sensing receptors | Gprotein coupled receptors
43
What activated the calcium sensing receptors in chief cells?
dec. in iCa
44
The effect of PTH is to _inc/dec_ calcium and _inc/dec_ phosphate concentrations in ECF
inc. Ca | dec. Phosphate
45
PTH has a direct effect on ____ and ____ metabolism of Ca
bone and kidney
46
PTH has an indirect effect on ____ metabolism of Ca
GI tract
47
PTH binds to receptors on osteocytes and stimulates ______.
osteocytic-osteolysis
48
PTH bindson osteoblast cells and stimulates ______
production of osteoclast-activating factor which stimulates osteoclasts
49
PTH acts on the distal convoluted tubules in the kidney causeing ____
inc. absorption of Ca
50
How does PTH affect the distal convoluted tubules?
dec. renal phosphate absorption
51
Which Vit. does PTH activate in the kidney
Vit D
52
_____ stimulates the actie transport of dietary calcium across the intestinal epithelium
Calcitriol
53
PTH secretion is mainly controlled by ___
iCa
54
What is iCa?
free (ionized) Ca conc. in the blood
55
A Dec. in iCa will cause a _inc/dec_ in PTH
inc.
56
Where is calcitonin produced?
C Cell (parafollicular cell) of the thyroid
57
What hormone acts to counter balance PTH?
calcitonin
58
What regulates the secretion of calcitonin
Calcium and GI hormones
59
What are the 4 actions of Calcitonin?
1. dec. movement of Ca in bone 2. Dec bone reabsorption 3. Inc. movement of phosphate from ECF into bone 4. Inc renal excretion of Ca
60
Inc Ca:
hypercalcemia
61
Dec. in Ca
hypocalemia

Physiology 2 (19 decks)

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