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Physiology 2 > Final Exam: Thyroid + Parathyroid Glands > Flashcards

Final Exam: Thyroid + Parathyroid Glands Flashcards

1
Q

viscous protein rich liquid that is the main form of thyroid hormones, found in the follicular cells

A

colloid

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2
Q

Cell located outside the follicles that secretes calcitonin

A

C cell

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3
Q

what is the function of calcitonin

A

calcium metabolism

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4
Q

What two molecules are important for thyroid hormone synthesis

A

tyrosine and iodine

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5
Q

where is tyrosine derived from?

A

thyroglobulin

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6
Q

Where is thyroglobulin formed?

A

within the folicle cell and secreted into the colloid

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7
Q

where do we get iodide from?

A

iodine from the diet is converted to iodide in the intestine and transport to the thyroid

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8
Q

is concentration of iodide greater intra or extracellular?

A

inracellular

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9
Q

What is the first step in thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

oxidation of iodide to iodine

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10
Q

what enzyme helps in the oxidationof iodide to iodine

A

thyroid peroxidase (TPO)

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11
Q

what is organification of the thyroglobulin?

A

binding of iodine with the thyroglobulin molecule

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12
Q

Tyrosyl ring can accomodate __ iodine molecules

A

2

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13
Q

when 1 molecule attaches to the tyrosyl ring

A

monoiodotyrosine (MIT)

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14
Q

When 2 molecules attach to the tyrosyl ring

A

diiodotyrosine (DIT)

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15
Q

1DIT + 1DIT=

A

Thyroxine (T4)

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16
Q

1MIT + 1DIT=

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of T3

A
  1. Triiodothryronine

2. reverse T3

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18
Q

when is reverse T3 produced?

A

during disease states in peripheral tissues

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19
Q

The main drug used to treat hyperthyroidism is an inhibitor of _______

A

TPO

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20
Q

___ is the major hormone produced by follicular cells

A

T4

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21
Q

where does most of the body T3 come from

A

Peripheral deiodination of T4 on target tissues

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22
Q

thyroid hormones will be secreted after stimulation by ____ produced in the adenohypophysis

A

TSH

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23
Q

Where is TRH released from?

A

hypothalamus

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24
Q

How are thyroid hormones transported to target tissue?

A

in plasma attached to proteins (Thyroxine binding globulin and albumin)

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25
Q

Thyroid hormones are the primary factors for the contorol of _____.

A

Metabolism

26
Q

What are the 4 actions of thyroid hormones?

A
  1. inc the number of mitochondria and activity of mitochondria
  2. inc. the basal metabolic rate of cells
  3. stimulate carbohydrate metabolism
  4. fat metabolism
  5. growth and development
  6. inc. blood flow and cardiac output
  7. inc. HR
  8. GI effects
27
Q

What are some C/S of hypothyroidism?

A
  1. lethargy
  2. weight gain
  3. skin problems
  4. myxedema
  5. ocular problems
  6. badicardia
  7. hyperlipidemia
28
Q

What are some C/S of hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. polyphagia
  2. wt. loss
  3. hyperactivity
  4. V+
  5. D+
  6. PU/PD
  7. Alopecia
  8. Tachycardia
29
Q

Main organ involved in the calcium and phosphate metabolism

A

Parathyroid gland

30
Q

What are the 2 functions of phosphate in physiological homeostasis?

A
  1. participate as chemical buffer

2. make up the composition of cell membrane and intracellular components

31
Q

Where is most of the body’s phosphate stored?

32
Q

What are some roles of calcium?

A
  1. Muscle contraction
  2. N. cell activity
  3. Release of hormones by exocytosis
  4. Coagulation
  5. Activation of enzymes
  6. Maintenance of membrane stability
  7. Structural integrity of bones and teeth
33
Q

Where is a majority of calcium stored in the body?

34
Q

What are the 3 diff ways calcium can be found in the blood?

A
  1. bound to proteins (40%)
  2. Combined with anions (10%)
  3. Ionized (50%)
35
Q

What is the biologically active form of calcium?

A

Ionized Ca

36
Q

The regulation of calcium levels involves control of the movement of calcium between the ECF and what 3 organs?

A
  1. Bones
  2. GI tract
  3. Kidneys
37
Q

What 3 hormones are involved in the reagulation of calcium?

A
  1. PTH
  2. Vit. D
  3. Calcitonin
38
Q

WHere is PTH produced?

A

Chief Cells in the parathyroid

39
Q

What are the two types of cells in the parathyroid gland?

A
  1. chief cells

2. oxyphil cells

40
Q

What 2 hormones are produced in chief cells

A

PTH and Parathormone

41
Q

Which cells in the parathyroid are sensitive to a dec. in iCa

42
Q

What type of receptors are located in chief cells?

A

Calcium sensing receptors

Gprotein coupled receptors

43
Q

What activated the calcium sensing receptors in chief cells?

A

dec. in iCa

44
Q

The effect of PTH is to inc/dec calcium and inc/dec phosphate concentrations in ECF

A

inc. Ca

dec. Phosphate

45
Q

PTH has a direct effect on ____ and ____ metabolism of Ca

A

bone and kidney

46
Q

PTH has an indirect effect on ____ metabolism of Ca

47
Q

PTH binds to receptors on osteocytes and stimulates ______.

A

osteocytic-osteolysis

48
Q

PTH bindson osteoblast cells and stimulates ______

A

production of osteoclast-activating factor which stimulates osteoclasts

49
Q

PTH acts on the distal convoluted tubules in the kidney causeing ____

A

inc. absorption of Ca

50
Q

How does PTH affect the distal convoluted tubules?

A

dec. renal phosphate absorption

51
Q

Which Vit. does PTH activate in the kidney

52
Q

_____ stimulates the actie transport of dietary calcium across the intestinal epithelium

A

Calcitriol

53
Q

PTH secretion is mainly controlled by ___

54
Q

What is iCa?

A

free (ionized) Ca conc. in the blood

55
Q

A Dec. in iCa will cause a inc/dec in PTH

56
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

C Cell (parafollicular cell) of the thyroid

57
Q

What hormone acts to counter balance PTH?

A

calcitonin

58
Q

What regulates the secretion of calcitonin

A

Calcium and GI hormones

59
Q

What are the 4 actions of Calcitonin?

A
  1. dec. movement of Ca in bone
  2. Dec bone reabsorption
  3. Inc. movement of phosphate from ECF into bone
  4. Inc renal excretion of Ca
60
Q

Inc Ca:

A

hypercalcemia

61
Q

Dec. in Ca

A

hypocalemia

Physiology 2 (19 decks)

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