Exam 3: GI Part 3 Flashcards
What are the 3 suface convolutions serve to expand the SA of the sm. intestine?
- Plicae circulares
- villi
- microvilli
Gland like structures at the base of the vili in the sm. intestine.
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
- MOST GI HORMONES ARE SECRETED IN:
a. THE COLON
b. THE DUODENUM
c. THE STOMACH
d. THE JEJUNUM
THE ILIUM
B. the duodenum
What are the 4 cell types of the sm. intestine
- Absorptive cell
- Goblet cell
- Enteroendocrine cell
- Paneth cell
- WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS IS CORRECT?
a. SOMATOSTATIN STIMULATES GASTRIN RELEASE
b. GASTRIN STIMULATES HISTAMINE RELEASE
ACH INHIBITS GASTRIC ACID SECRETION
B. GASTRIN STIM. HISTAMINE RELEASE
What are the functions of Absorptive cells in the SI?
- absorption
2. secretion: digestive enzymes, H2O, Cl-, HCO3_
AMONG DOMESTIC ANIMALS, BICROBONATE FOR THE GI TRACT IS SECRETED
a. BY SALIVARY GLANDS
b. BY BILE DUCTS
c. BYTHE EXOCRINE PANCREASE
d. ALL OF THE ABOVE?
D all of above
What is the function of goblet cells?
secretion of mucous
WHat is the function of paneth cells?
produce antimicrobial enzymes and peptides
What is the function of enteroendocrine cells
secrete hormones such as CCK, Secretin, and GIP
What are Brunner glands?
Tubulo alveolar glands located in the small intestine. secrete glycoproteins and bicarbonate ions
What is the function of Brunner glands?
protection of SI mucosa by neutralizing the acid containing chyme from the stomach
What are the 4 cell types of the crypts of lieberkuhn?
- paneth cells
- endocrine cells
- . stem cells
- goblet cells
Where does division and replication of enterocytes occur in the SI?
in the crypts
all water secretion in the intestine is mediated by _____.
osmosis
Which one of the following is the smallest division of intestinal surface amplification?
a. intestinal folds (plicae dirculares
b. villi
c. microvilli
c. microvilli
Replacement of intestinal epithelium (enterocytes):
a. originartes fro the tips of the villi and migrates to the crypts
b. originates from the crypts and migrates tot he tips of the villi
c. does not occur frequently
b.
What are the 2 forces driving movement of solutes and water between intravascular and extravascular fluids?
- osmotic
2 hydrostatic
which of the following ar efunctions of the liver?
a. carbohydrate metabolism
b. bile acids synthesis
c. hormone synthesis
d. synthesis of immune systems components
e. A and B
f. All of the above
f. All of the above
all venous blood from the GI tract, except the terminal colon and rectum, is collected into the ______.
hepatic portal vein
What are the 8 functions of the liver?
- carbohydrate metabolism
- AA and P metabolism
- Lipid metabolism
- Storage
- synthesis and secretion of bile
- Biotransformation
- Synthesis of hormones and mediators
- Synthesis of components of the immune system
What are the 5 Plasma Proteins synthesized in the liver?
- albumins
- lipoproteins
- Glycoproteins
- prothrombin and figrinogen
- nonimmune alpha and beta globulins
What are the 3 types of lipoproteins?
- VLDLs
- LDLs
- HDLs
Which lipoprotein transports triglycerides from the liver to other organs?
VLDLs
Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol from the liver to other tissues
LDL
Which lipoprotein removes cholesterol from the peripheral tissue and transports it to the liver
HDL
What are the 4 endocrine functions of the liver?
- Angiotensinogen to prohormone
- Thrombopoetin to hormone growth factor
- IGF to IGF1 and 2
- Hepcidin to small peptide hormone
A group of reactions involved in the conversion of toxic molecules in non-toxic, water soluble, and more excretable substances
biotransformation
What are the 2 phases of biotransformation in the liver?
Phase 1: oxidation
Phase 2: Conjugation
Most drugs are metabolized by Phase __
1
What two things happen during phase 1 of biotransformation?
- hydrozylation- adding an OH group
2. Carboxylation- adding a COOH group
What organelles perfrome phase 1 of biotransformation?
- sER
2. mitochondria
What happens during phase 2 of biotransformation?
Conjugation with glucuronic acid, glycine, or taurine
What is the purpose of phase 2 of biotransformation?
to make product of phase 1 more water soluble so can be eliminated easily
Which cell of the liver produces bile acids?
hepatocytes
Which organ modifies Bile acids
gallbladder
Which organ is used for bile storage and concentration through electrolyte and water reasorption
Gallbladder
Bile acids are synthesized from what?
cholesterol
Bile acids are conjugated with what?
AA (glycine and taurine)
T/F. Bile acids are polar molecules
F. Amphipathic
What is the role of bile acids in the small intestine?
emulsify fat
Sphincter of smooth muscle cells that guards the entrance of the bile into the duodenum
sphincter of oddi
What are the 2 types of pancrease glandular tissues?
- endocrine pancreas
2. exocrine pancreas
What type of gland in the exocrine pancreas?
acinar glande
What are the 4 digestive enzymes produced in the pancreas?
- peptidases
- nucleases
- amylases
- lipases
What are the 3 receptors located on pancreatic cells?
- Ach
- CCK
- Secretin
Which enzyme responds to an inc. in starch
amylase
which enzyme responds to an inc. in fat and P
Lipases and peptidases
What are the 3 regulation mechanisms of the pancrease?
- cephalic phase (sight, smell)
- Gastric phase (dilation of stomach)
- Intestinal phase (dec. pH)
What are 2 common impairements of the pancrease?
- pancreatic insufficiency
2. pancreatitis
What is pancreatic indufficiency?
insuficient production of digestive enzymes by exocrine pancrease
maldigestion
C/S: oily stool, rapid wt. loss
What is pancreatitis?
acini destroyed and replaced by CT b/c of autodigestion
Eating too much fat!
In the exocrine pancreas, Ach and CCK stimulate secretion of ____ and _____ rich fluid.
Enzyme and chloride
In the exocrine pancreas, secretin stimulates production of a _____ rich fluid?
Bicarbonate
Cholecystokinin is a hormone produced in ____ which stimulates secretion of ____
a. stomach, gastric acid
b. Pancreas, bile
c. small intestine, pancreatic enzyme
d. small intestine, bicarbonate -rich pancreatic juice
c.
