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Physiology 2 > Exam 3: GI Part 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3: GI Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 suface convolutions serve to expand the SA of the sm. intestine?

A
  1. Plicae circulares
  2. villi
  3. microvilli
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2
Q

Gland like structures at the base of the vili in the sm. intestine.

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

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3
Q
  1. MOST GI HORMONES ARE SECRETED IN:
    a. THE COLON
    b. THE DUODENUM
    c. THE STOMACH
    d. THE JEJUNUM
    THE ILIUM
A

B. the duodenum

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4
Q

What are the 4 cell types of the sm. intestine

A
  1. Absorptive cell
  2. Goblet cell
  3. Enteroendocrine cell
  4. Paneth cell
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5
Q
  1. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS IS CORRECT?
    a. SOMATOSTATIN STIMULATES GASTRIN RELEASE
    b. GASTRIN STIMULATES HISTAMINE RELEASE
    ACH INHIBITS GASTRIC ACID SECRETION
A

B. GASTRIN STIM. HISTAMINE RELEASE

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6
Q

What are the functions of Absorptive cells in the SI?

A
  1. absorption

2. secretion: digestive enzymes, H2O, Cl-, HCO3_

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7
Q

AMONG DOMESTIC ANIMALS, BICROBONATE FOR THE GI TRACT IS SECRETED

a. BY SALIVARY GLANDS
b. BY BILE DUCTS
c. BYTHE EXOCRINE PANCREASE
d. ALL OF THE ABOVE?

A

D all of above

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8
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

secretion of mucous

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9
Q

WHat is the function of paneth cells?

A

produce antimicrobial enzymes and peptides

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10
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells

A

secrete hormones such as CCK, Secretin, and GIP

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11
Q

What are Brunner glands?

A

Tubulo alveolar glands located in the small intestine. secrete glycoproteins and bicarbonate ions

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12
Q

What is the function of Brunner glands?

A

protection of SI mucosa by neutralizing the acid containing chyme from the stomach

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13
Q

What are the 4 cell types of the crypts of lieberkuhn?

A
  1. paneth cells
  2. endocrine cells
  3. . stem cells
  4. goblet cells
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14
Q

Where does division and replication of enterocytes occur in the SI?

A

in the crypts

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15
Q

all water secretion in the intestine is mediated by _____.

A

osmosis

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16
Q

Which one of the following is the smallest division of intestinal surface amplification?

a. intestinal folds (plicae dirculares
b. villi
c. microvilli

A

c. microvilli

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17
Q

Replacement of intestinal epithelium (enterocytes):

a. originartes fro the tips of the villi and migrates to the crypts
b. originates from the crypts and migrates tot he tips of the villi
c. does not occur frequently

A

b.

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18
Q

What are the 2 forces driving movement of solutes and water between intravascular and extravascular fluids?

A
  1. osmotic

2 hydrostatic

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19
Q

which of the following ar efunctions of the liver?

a. carbohydrate metabolism
b. bile acids synthesis
c. hormone synthesis
d. synthesis of immune systems components
e. A and B
f. All of the above

A

f. All of the above

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20
Q

all venous blood from the GI tract, except the terminal colon and rectum, is collected into the ______.

A

hepatic portal vein

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21
Q

What are the 8 functions of the liver?

A
  1. carbohydrate metabolism
  2. AA and P metabolism
  3. Lipid metabolism
  4. Storage
  5. synthesis and secretion of bile
  6. Biotransformation
  7. Synthesis of hormones and mediators
  8. Synthesis of components of the immune system
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22
Q

What are the 5 Plasma Proteins synthesized in the liver?

A
  1. albumins
  2. lipoproteins
  3. Glycoproteins
  4. prothrombin and figrinogen
  5. nonimmune alpha and beta globulins
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23
Q

What are the 3 types of lipoproteins?

A
  1. VLDLs
  2. LDLs
  3. HDLs
24
Q

Which lipoprotein transports triglycerides from the liver to other organs?

A

VLDLs

25
Q

Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol from the liver to other tissues

A

LDL

26
Q

Which lipoprotein removes cholesterol from the peripheral tissue and transports it to the liver

A

HDL

27
Q

What are the 4 endocrine functions of the liver?

A
  1. Angiotensinogen to prohormone
  2. Thrombopoetin to hormone growth factor
  3. IGF to IGF1 and 2
  4. Hepcidin to small peptide hormone
28
Q

A group of reactions involved in the conversion of toxic molecules in non-toxic, water soluble, and more excretable substances

A

biotransformation

29
Q

What are the 2 phases of biotransformation in the liver?

A

Phase 1: oxidation

Phase 2: Conjugation

30
Q

Most drugs are metabolized by Phase __

A

1

31
Q

What two things happen during phase 1 of biotransformation?

A
  1. hydrozylation- adding an OH group

2. Carboxylation- adding a COOH group

32
Q

What organelles perfrome phase 1 of biotransformation?

A
  1. sER

2. mitochondria

33
Q

What happens during phase 2 of biotransformation?

A

Conjugation with glucuronic acid, glycine, or taurine

34
Q

What is the purpose of phase 2 of biotransformation?

A

to make product of phase 1 more water soluble so can be eliminated easily

35
Q

Which cell of the liver produces bile acids?

A

hepatocytes

36
Q

Which organ modifies Bile acids

A

gallbladder

37
Q

Which organ is used for bile storage and concentration through electrolyte and water reasorption

A

Gallbladder

38
Q

Bile acids are synthesized from what?

A

cholesterol

39
Q

Bile acids are conjugated with what?

A

AA (glycine and taurine)

40
Q

T/F. Bile acids are polar molecules

A

F. Amphipathic

41
Q

What is the role of bile acids in the small intestine?

A

emulsify fat

42
Q

Sphincter of smooth muscle cells that guards the entrance of the bile into the duodenum

A

sphincter of oddi

43
Q

What are the 2 types of pancrease glandular tissues?

A
  1. endocrine pancreas

2. exocrine pancreas

44
Q

What type of gland in the exocrine pancreas?

A

acinar glande

45
Q

What are the 4 digestive enzymes produced in the pancreas?

A
  1. peptidases
  2. nucleases
  3. amylases
  4. lipases
46
Q

What are the 3 receptors located on pancreatic cells?

A
  1. Ach
  2. CCK
  3. Secretin
47
Q

Which enzyme responds to an inc. in starch

A

amylase

48
Q

which enzyme responds to an inc. in fat and P

A

Lipases and peptidases

49
Q

What are the 3 regulation mechanisms of the pancrease?

A
  1. cephalic phase (sight, smell)
  2. Gastric phase (dilation of stomach)
  3. Intestinal phase (dec. pH)
50
Q

What are 2 common impairements of the pancrease?

A
  1. pancreatic insufficiency

2. pancreatitis

51
Q

What is pancreatic indufficiency?

A

insuficient production of digestive enzymes by exocrine pancrease

maldigestion

C/S: oily stool, rapid wt. loss

52
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

acini destroyed and replaced by CT b/c of autodigestion

Eating too much fat!

53
Q

In the exocrine pancreas, Ach and CCK stimulate secretion of ____ and _____ rich fluid.

A

Enzyme and chloride

54
Q

In the exocrine pancreas, secretin stimulates production of a _____ rich fluid?

A

Bicarbonate

55
Q

Cholecystokinin is a hormone produced in ____ which stimulates secretion of ____

a. stomach, gastric acid
b. Pancreas, bile
c. small intestine, pancreatic enzyme
d. small intestine, bicarbonate -rich pancreatic juice

A

c.

Physiology 2 (19 decks)

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