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Physiology 2 > Exam 3: GI 1-2 > Flashcards

Exam 3: GI 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the GIT?

A

Gi Tract

Accessory organs

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2
Q

What are the 6 major functions of the GIT

A
  1. Transportation
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. water and electrolyte balance
  5. Immunologic barrier
  6. Thermoregulation
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3
Q

First act of digestion, involves the actions of the teeth, the jaws, the tongue, and the cheeks

A

Mastication

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4
Q

Food intake

A

prehension

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5
Q

What are the 4 functions of the motility of the GI tract?

A
  1. propel ingesta
  2. retain ingesta at given site
  3. break up food
  4. circulate ingesta so all contacts sufaces
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6
Q

What is the first motility pattern in the GIT

A

Deglutition

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7
Q

What are the 2 phases of degllutition?

A
  1. voluntary (oral phase)

2. involuntary (swallow reflex)

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8
Q

difficulty swallowing

A

dysphagia

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of dysphagia?

A
  1. oropharyngeal

2. esophageal

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10
Q

What is oropharyngea dysphagia?

A

malfunction of the pharynx and upper esophageal sphincter

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11
Q

What is esophageal dysphagia?

A

due to malfunction of esophagus

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12
Q

a dysphagia in which food particles/fluids or stomach contents reach the upper airways

A

Aspiration

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13
Q

Regulatory center for energy homeostasis?

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is the hunger centers?

A
  1. nuclear paraventricularis
  2. lateral hypothalamus fields
  3. perifornical region
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15
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is the satiety center

A
  1. nuclear ventromedialis
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16
Q

Which hormone inhibits hunger and inc. energy consumption?

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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17
Q

What two neuropeptiedes stimulates the appetite center?

A 
neuropeptide y (NPY)
orexin
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18
Q

What non-hypothalamic hormone stimulates the appetite center?

A

Ghrelin

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19
Q

What 4 non-hypothalmic hormones inhibit the hunger center?

A
  1. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
  2. Peptide YY (PYY)
  3. Leptin
  4. Insulin
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20
Q

What are the 2 categories of salivary glands?

A
  1. major salivary glands

2. small salivary glands

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of secretions of salivary glands?

A
  1. Serous
  2. mucous
  3. seromucous
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22
Q

What are the 3 most important salivary glands in animals?

A
  1. parotid
  2. mandibular
  3. sublingual
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23
Q

What are the 4 functions of saliva?

A
  1. protection
  2. deglutition
  3. enzymatic digestion
  4. pH regulation
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24
Q

What are 3 secondary funtions of saliva?

A
  1. immunologic function
  2. thermoregulation
  3. defense (Llamas)
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25
Q

What does saliva consist of?

A

Water and electrolytes

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26
Q

Where is primary saliva produced?

A

in the acinus

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27
Q

Where is secondary saliva produced?

A

ducts

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28
Q

What is primary saliva composed of?

A

H2O, Na, Cl

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29
Q

What is secondary saliva composed of?

A

K, HCO-

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30
Q

What PSNS receptors are responsible for regulation of saliva secretion?

A

M3 receptors

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31
Q

What SNS receptors are responsible for regulation of saliva secretion?

A

a1 receptors

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32
Q

What are the 2 types of stimulation of saliva secretion.

A
  1. innate

2. conditioned

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33
Q

what is innate saliva secretion?

A

released through contact with bucal mucosa

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34
Q

What is conditioned saliva secretion?

A

released through sight, smell, or imagination of food

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35
Q

which of the following structures is elevated during deglutition to prevent food entrance into the nasal cavity?

a. Epiglottis
b. soft palate
c. hard palate
d. tongue

A

b. soft palate

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36
Q

Which of the following concerning saliva is not correct?

a. primary saliva is produced in the acinus cells
b. in the ducts more Cl is secreted into the lumen
c. in carnivorous, high saliva production leads to an inc. of electrolyte concentration
d. the PSNS stimulates saliva secretion

A

b.

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37
Q

Atropine is an anticholinergic drug used in some anesthetic protocols. Which effects would you expect on saliva production when using this drug?
a. An inc in saliva production
b. A reduced saliva production
An unchanged saliva production

A

b.

38
Q

What are the 4 routs by which endocrine/paracrine secretions of the GI reach their targets

A
  1. Endocrine secretions
  2. Paracrine secretions
  3. Autocrine secretions
  4. Neurocrine secretions
39
Q

Secretions are deposited close to blood vessels, and then blood carries the substances to their targets

A

Endocrine secretions

40
Q

Substances diffuse through the interstitial space to affect other cells

A

Paracrine substance

41
Q

Substances of a given cell regulate functions of the same cell

A

Autocrine substances

42
Q

Refers to secretion by enteric neurons that affect muscle cells, glands, and blood cells

A

Neurocrine

43
Q

What are the 3 determinining factor of hormones?

A
  1. must be secreted by one cell and affect another
  2. must be transported into the blood
  3. must be stimulated by food and its action must be mimicked by a synthetic analog molecule
44
Q

What are the big 5 GIT hormones?

A
  1. Secreting
  2. Gastrin
  3. CCK
  4. GIP
  5. Motilin
45
Q

Where is secretin produced mostly?

A

duodenum

46
Q

What is the main synthesis site for Gastrin?

A

Antrum

47
Q

What is the main synthesis site for CCK

A

all of small intestine

48
Q

What is the main synthesis site of GIP and Motilin?

A

Duodenum and jejunum

49
Q

Which hormones can be synthesized in the duodenum?

A

all 5

Secretin, Gastrin, CCK, GIP, Motilin

50
Q

Which hormones can be synthesized in teh antrum?

A

gastrin

51
Q

Which hormones can be produced int The jejunum?

A

Some secretin
CCK
GIP
Motilin

52
Q

Which hormones can be produced in the ileum?

A

CCK

53
Q

Which hormone stimiulates bicarbonate secretion and inhibits acid secretion?

A

Secretin

54
Q

Which hormones stimulates acid secretion

A

Gastrin

55
Q

Which hormones stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction

A

CCK

56
Q

Which hormone inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates insulin secretion

A

GIP

57
Q

Which hormone is important for induction of intestinal motility during fasting?

A

Motilin

58
Q

What are the 3 glandular zones of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardis
  2. Fundus
  3. Pylorus
59
Q

What is produced in the Cardis zone of the stomach?

A

Mucus

60
Q

What is produced in the Fundus of the stomach?

A

HCL and enzymes

61
Q

What is produced in the pylorus of the stomach?

A

mucus

62
Q

The glandular mucosa of the stomach has invaginations called:

A

Gastric pits

63
Q

What do the surface mucous cells covering the surface and lining of the stomach produce?

A

Thick mucus to protect from acid

64
Q

what cell type is located at the neck of the gastric pits?

A

parietal cells

65
Q

What cells are the progenitor cells for the gastric mucosa

A

mucous neck cells

66
Q

What do the parietal cells secrete?

A

HCL and pepsinogen

67
Q

What is secreted by parietal cells that is essential for vit. B12 absorption in the ileum?

A

Intrinsic Factor

68
Q

All functional cell types of the gastric pit originate from this stem cell:

A

mucous neck cells

69
Q

What are the 5 cell types that can be found in the gastric pit?

A
  1. surface mucous cells
  2. marietal cells
  3. mucous neck cells
  4. enterochromaffine cell
  5. chief cells
70
Q

What do chief cells produce?

A

pepsinogen

71
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

secretion of endocrine substances

72
Q

What are the 3 types of enteroendocrine cells and what do they produce?

A
  1. G cells- Gastrin
  2. D cells - Somatostatin
  3. I cells - CCK
73
Q

What is the function of the mucous producing cells in the stomach?

A

secretion of mucous through exocytosis

74
Q

HCl Secretion is regulated at 3 levels:

A
  1. neural
  2. hormonal
  3. paracrine
75
Q

How is HCl neurally regulate?

A

Mediated by acetylcholine

76
Q

How is HCl hormonally regualted?

A

Mediated by gastin

77
Q

How is HCl paracrine regulated?

A

mediated by histamine

78
Q

What are stimulatory substances for HCL secretion?

A
  1. gastrin
  2. histamine
  3. acetylcholine
79
Q

What are the inhibitory substances for HCL?

A

somatostatin

80
Q

The enzymatic secretion of gastric enzymes will be stimulated at two levels:

A
  1. neural

2. hormonal

81
Q

How are gastric enzymes stimulated neurally?

A
  1. ach

2. NA

82
Q

How are gastric enzymes stimulated hormonally?

A
  1. Secretin

2. CCK

83
Q

If you have a Dec of pH in the stomach, you will have an inc/dec in secretion?

A

Increase

84
Q

What stimulates mucus secretion in the stomach?

A

AcH and PGE

85
Q

Which drug types blok the synthesis of prostaglandines

A

NSAIDs

86
Q

What do NSAIDs stimulate the formation of in the stomach?

A

Gastric ulcers

87
Q

What is the problem with helicobacter pylori in the stomach?

A

colonizes the mucose, goes under the mucus layer and synthesize urease, making a neutral microenvironment

88
Q

What enzymes is produced in the stomach with the help of helicobacter pylori?

A

urease

89
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?

A
  1. cephalic
  2. gastric
    3 intestinal
90
Q

What happens in the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?

A

before food enters,
sight, smell, taste
the greater the appetite the stronger the stimulation

91
Q

What happens in the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

A

induced by vagovagal reflexes from the stomach to the brain

dilation of the stomach, presence of AA and peptides in lumen

92
Q

What happens in the intestinal phase of gastric secretion?

A

Induced by the presence of food in the duodenum

feedback mech.

Physiology 2 (19 decks)

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