Exam II: Sexual Development and Repro. Hormones

Question 1

Which type of sexual differentiation is determined at fertilization

Answer 1

Genetic sex

Question 2

What are the testis determining genes?

Answer 2

SRY and SOX9

Question 3

Which hormones are involved in phenotypic sex?

Answer 3

AMH, T, DihydroT

Question 4

What does SRY stand for?

Answer 4

Sex Determining region of the Y chromosome

Question 5

Where is SRY synthesized

Answer 5

In sex cord of male

Question 6

What do the Sex cords in males differentiate into?

Answer 6

Seminiferous tubules and rete testis

Question 7

Which cells in the male produce AMH?

Answer 7

Pre-sertoli cells

Question 8

What happens to the sex cords in the absence of SRY?

Answer 8

Develop into follicles

Question 9

How does free martinism happen?

Answer 9

male and female calf
Fusion of placental circulation
AMH transferred from male to female

Question 10

Disagreement b/t chromosomal and gonadal sex

Answer 10

Sex reversal

Question 11

What are the two functional areas for secretion of GnRH in Females?

Answer 11

1. Tonic

2. Surge

Question 12

What is the effect of T on the hypothalamus?

Answer 12

T crosses the BBB and is converted to estradiol, which defeminizes the hypothalamus, eliminating the surge center

Question 13

T/F Estradiol does not cross the BBB?

Answer 13

T

Question 14

Why does Estradiol produced by the ovaries not cross the BBB?

Answer 14

Bound to alpha-fetoprotein

Question 15

The key to development of a testis rather than an ovary in mammals is:

a. TDF
b. T
c. Estradiol
d. Epithelial growth factor
e. Neuropeptide Y

Answer 15

a.

Question 16

Signaling molecules produced i the body that regulate activity of certain cells and organs

Answer 16

Hormones

Question 17

What are the 3 main classes of hormones?

Answer 17

1. Steroids
2. Peptides
3. Eicosanoids

Question 18

What are the 2 endocrine hormones discussed in class?

Answer 18

1. Estradiol

2. FSH

Question 19

What is the Neuroendocrine hormone discussed in class?

Answer 19

1 GnRH

Question 20

Paracrine or Autocrine:

T from Leydig cells influences sertoli cells in the testis.

Answer 20

Paracrine

Question 21

Paracrine or Autocrine:

E from Sertoli cells hastens pubertal development of these cells

Answer 21

Autocrine

Question 22

T/F. Endocrine control is faster, but longer lasting than neural control

Answer 22

F. Slower and longer lasting

Question 23

T/F Hormones have relatively short half lives

Answer 23

T

Question 24

What are the 4 characteristics of hormones discussed in class?

Answer 24

1. Act in low quantities
2. Short half lives
3. bind to specific receptors
4. Regulate intracellular biochemical reactions

Question 25

What are the 4 determinants of strength of a hormone?

Answer 25

1. Pattern and duration of secretion 2. Half life 3. Receptor density 4. Affinity receptor hormone

Question 26

The rate at which a hormone is cleared from the circulation

Answer 26

Half life

Question 27

Bind to the specific receptor and have the same biological response that the native hormone

Answer 27

Agonist

Question 28

Produces maximal response greater than endogenous hormone

Answer 28

Super agonist

Question 29

Bind to the receptor but it has weak or no biological effect

Answer 29

Antagonist

Question 30

Where is GnRH produced?

Answer 30

Hypothalamus

Question 31

Where is FSH, Oxytocin and LH produced?

Answer 31

Pituitary gland

Question 32

Where is estradiole, T, inhibin, relaxin and progesterone produced?

Answer 32

Ovary

Question 33

Where is T, inhibin, and Estradiol produced

Answer 33

Testis

Question 34

Where is PGF2a produced?

Answer 34

Uterus

Question 35

What are the 4 ways we can classify hormones based on biochemical structure?

Answer 35

1. peptide 2. glycoproteins 3. Steroids 4. Prostaglandins

Question 36

Which cells in the ovaries produce E (Estradiol)?

Answer 36

Follicular cells

Question 37

Generic term for molecules with action like estradiol

Answer 37

Estrogens

Question 38

How are endogenous estrogens synthesized?

Answer 38

Synthesized from androgens by action of aromatase

Question 39

Where is progesterone produced?

Answer 39

CL of Ovary

Question 40

What are the 2 cell types of the ovary?

Answer 40

Granulosa and theca cells

Question 41

Which cell type of the ovary, granulosa or theca, make Progesterone?

Answer 41

Both

Question 42

Where is Progesterone metabolized?

Answer 42

Liver

Question 43

What are the functions of P?

Answer 43

1. Development and function of uterus 2. Closes off cervix 3. maintenance of Pregnancy 4. development of mammary glands

Question 44

Class of hormones that bind to P receptors?

Answer 44

Progestagens

Question 45

Bigest source of T in the male

Answer 45

Leydig cells of the testes

Question 46

Where is T metabolized

Answer 46

Mostly in liver, some in prostate

Question 47

Functions of T

Answer 47

1. Masculinization 2. Maturation of male repro tract 3. Spermatogenesis 3. Muscle mass, bone density

Question 48

Class of compounds binding to androgen receptors, T-like hormones

Answer 48

Androgens

Question 49

T/F Estradiol can have both positive and negative feedback effects at the level of the hypothalamus

Answer 49

T