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Physiology 2 > Exam 4: GI 6-10 > Flashcards

Exam 4: GI 6-10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 control systems of the GI tract?

A
  1. intrinsic control sys.

2. Extrinsic control sys

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2
Q

Component of the autonomc nervous system, located w/i the GI wall and enables autonomic regulation of GI functions

A

enteric nervous system

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3
Q

What are the 2 plexuses of the enteric nervous system

A
  1. plexus submucosus

2. Plexus myentericus

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4
Q

plexus of the enteric NS located b/t submucosa and circular muscullature.

A

plexus submucosus

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5
Q

Plexus of the enteric NS located in the muscularis externa, between longitudinal and circular musculature.

A

Plexus myentericus

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6
Q

Which Plexus of the ENS regulates mucus secretion and food absorption?

A

Plexus submucosus

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7
Q

Which plexus of the ENS controls the muscular activity

A

Plexus myentericus

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8
Q

Unlike typical neurons, enteric neurons secrete their neuroT from ______, or bulge like structures located on axonal collaterals or branches

A

varicosities

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9
Q

What is imortant about enteric neurons varicosities

A

can spread effect to wide area

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of enteric neurons?

A
  1. dogiel type 1
  2. dogiel type 2
  3. dogiel type 3
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11
Q

What are dogiel type 1 neurons?

A

have a small cell body with short dendrites and are motor neurons

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12
Q

what are dogiel type 2 neurons

A

have large cell bodies with one or two long dendrites and are sensory

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13
Q

what are dogiel type 3 neurons

A

show multiple shapes and functions

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons based on function?

A
  1. sensory nerve cells
  2. interneurons
  3. motoneurons
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15
Q

detect changes/stimuli and are used to regulate funtion

A

Sensory nerve cells

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of sensory nerve cells?

A
  1. mechanosensitive cells

2. chemosensitive cells

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17
Q

Sensory nerve cells that recognize stretching of intestinal wall or volume changes

A

mechanosensitive cells

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18
Q

sensory nerve cells that detect the presence of nutrients in the GI lumen, changes in osmolarity, and changes in Ph

A

chemosensitive cells

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19
Q

Process signals coming from other cells or from the CNS and propagate them to other neurons

A

interneurons

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20
Q

induce a change in the GI tract as an answer to stimulus

A

motor neurons

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of motor neurons?

A
  1. muscle MN
  2. Secreto MN
  3. Vaso MN
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22
Q

MN primarily located in the plexus myentericus

A

Muscle MN

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23
Q

MN primarily located in plexus submucosus

A

Secreto MN

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24
Q

MN in both the mhyentericus and submucosus

A

Vaso MN

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25
Q

What are 3 examples of NANC substances?

A
  1. NO
  2. VIP
  3. Substance P
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26
Q

What is NANC?

A

Non-noradrenergic, non-cholinergic substances

substances, alnong with conventional transmitters, that are released by enteric neurons

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27
Q

Sympathetic nervous system uses noradrenaline which has an stim/inhib effect on the GI tract.

A

Inhibitory

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28
Q

What are the two basic types of electrical waves in the gI tract

A
  1. slow waves

2. spikes

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29
Q

What are the slow waves of the GI tract?

A

rhythmical GI contractions

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30
Q

electrical pacemakers for smooth muscle cells

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC)

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31
Q

True AP of the GI tract that occur automatically when the resting membrane potential of the GI smooth muscle becomes more positive than -40mV

A

Spike potentials

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32
Q

concerning GI smooth muscle cells which one is true?

a. their contraction cannot be extrinsically influenced
b. spike potential do not conduce to a contraction
c. they show spontaneous undulations in the membrane potential

A

c.

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33
Q

What are the 3 types of GI reflexes essential to GI control.

A
  1. reflexes integrated within the gut wall
  2. reflexes from the gut to the prevertebral sympathetic canglia and back
  3. reflexes from the gut to the spinal cord/brain stem and back
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34
Q

What are the 3 types of the Reflexes from the gut to the ganglia and back?

A
  1. gastrocolic reflex
  2. enterogastric reflex
  3. colonoileal reflex
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35
Q

signal from the stomach that causes evacuation of the colon

A

Gastrocolic reflex

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36
Q

signal from the colon and SI to inhibit stomach motility and stomach secretion

A

enterogastric reflex

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37
Q

Signal from the colon to inhibit emptying of ileal contents into colon

A

colonoileal reflex

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38
Q

Which reflex is responsible for controling GI secretions , peristalsis, mixing contractions, and local inhibitory effects?

A

reflexes integrated within gut wall

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39
Q

Which reflex is responsible for transmitting signals long distances to other areas of the GI tract

A

reflexes from the gut to prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and back

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40
Q

Which reflex is responsible for controlling gastric motor and secretory activity

A

from gut to spinal cord

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41
Q

which reflex is responsible for pain

A

from gut to spinal cord

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42
Q

which reflex is responsible for defecation reflex?

A

gut to spinal cord

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43
Q

Stretching of the intestinal wall during the passage of a bolus triggers this reflex to constrict the lumen behind the bolus and dilate in front

A

peristaltic reflex

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44
Q

In order to move bolus through GI, areas proximal to the bolus are stimulated by _____ causing _____

A

excitatatory MN, Smooth muscle contraction

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45
Q

In order to move bolus through GI, areas distal to the bolus are stimulated by _____ causing ______.

A

inhibitory motor neurons, smooth muscle relaxation

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46
Q

Which kinds of sensory neurons will be stimulated during the peristaltic reflex?

a. chemosensitive neurons
b. mechanosensitive neurons

A

b. mechanosensative neurons

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47
Q

GI tract reflex circuts where afferent and efferent fibers of the vagus n. coordinate responses to gut stimuli via the dorsal vagal complex in the brain

A

vagovagal reflex

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48
Q

This reflex controls contraction of the GI m. layers in response to distension of the tract by the chyme

A

vagovagal reflex

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49
Q

the vagovagal reflex is active during _______ of the stomach in response to mastication of food.

A

Receptive relaxation

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50
Q

What does the vagovagal reflex do to the stomach

A

active relaxation

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51
Q

What are the 3 parts of the stomach based on function?

A
  1. gastric store- tonix relaxation and contraction
  2. gastric pump- peristaltic wave
  3. grinder- mixing and breaking down
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52
Q

inflow into the gastric pump happens due to the following sequences:

A
  1. tonic contraction of fundus
  2. peristaltic waave in corpus
  3. passage into grinder then pylorus
  4. emptying into duodenum
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53
Q

What are the 3 relaxation signals of the stomach?

A
  1. receptive relaxation
    b. adaptive relaxation
    c. feed-back relaxation
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54
Q

What reflex control receptive relaxation of the stomach?

A

vagovagal reflex

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55
Q

Which reflex controls adaptive relaxation of the stomach?

A

gastro-gastric reflexes

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56
Q

What are the 3 purposes of intestinal motility?

A
  1. mixing of food with GI juices
  2. inc. contact b/t food and walls
  3. peristalsis
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57
Q

What are the 2 distinct phases of SI motility?

A
  1. digestive period

2. interdigestive period

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58
Q

Which phase of SI motility occurs when food is present in the stomach?

A

digestive period

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59
Q

Which phase of SI motility occurs when little food is present in the gut?

A

interdigestive period

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60
Q

Which phase of SI motility occurs when little food is present in the gut?

A

interdigestive period

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61
Q

What are the two contraction patterns of the SI?

A
  1. Propulsive pattern

2. non-propulsive pattern

62
Q

Motility pattern of SI during interdigestive period.

A

migrating motoric complex (MMC)

63
Q

What are the two function of MMC in the SI during the interdigestive period

A
  1. helps pushing undigested material out of the intestine

2. controls bacterial pop.

64
Q

What are the 3 phases of the MMC of the sI during the interdigestive period.

A

Phase 1- no contractions Phase 2- intermitent contractions

Phase 3- strong peristaltic contractions starting from the stomach and moving distally

65
Q

What are the 2 motility patterns of the large intestine?

A
  1. peristaltic waves

2. antiperistaltic waves

66
Q

Motility pattern of the LI that impedes the movement of ingesta, causing a more intense mixing

A

antiperistaltic waves

67
Q

Giant contractions

A

pathologic contractions

68
Q

What are 2 exapmles of pathologic contractions

A
  1. vomiting

2. diarrhea

69
Q

Where is vomiting coordinated in the body?

A

brainstem

70
Q

T/F. vomiting contains only ingesta of gastric origin.

A

F

71
Q

An inc. in frequency of defecation or fecal volume

A

Diarrhea

72
Q

what are 3 reasons for water in the gut?

A
  1. ingested water
  2. water secreted by glands
  3. water secreted or lost directly through the mucosal epithelium
73
Q

Diarrhea occurs when there is a mismatch between ____ and ____.

A

secretion and absorption

74
Q

What are the 2 types of Diarrhea

A
  1. malabsorptive

2 secretory

75
Q

D that occurs when absorption is inadequate to recover all secreted water

A

malabsorptive diarrhea

76
Q

D that occurs when rate of intestinal secretion increases and overwhelms the absorptive capacity

A

secretory diarrhea

77
Q

What Type of diarrhea is caused by viral, bacterial, or protozoal infections?

A

malabsorptive

78
Q

In which type of diarrhea would you see shortened villi?

A

malabsorptive

79
Q

in which type of D would you see opening of the Cl channels?

A

secretory

80
Q

Is the internal sphincter sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

both

81
Q

sympathetic stimulation causes contraction/relaxation of the sphincter.

A

constriction

82
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation causes constriction/relaxation of the sphincter

A

relaxation

83
Q

the internal/external sphincter is normally tonically contracted

A

internal

84
Q

What is the retrosphincteric reflex?

A

When poo accumulates in the rectum, peristaltic movement of poo into the rectum and relaxation of internal anal sphincter, urge to defecate

85
Q

What are the 2 suborders of ruminants?

A
  1. ruminantia

2. tylopoda

86
Q

digestion that occurs in specialized compartments localized before the stomach or after the stomach an SI

A

fermentative digestion

87
Q

3 microbes that are responsible for fermentation?

A
  1. bacteria
  2. fungi
  3. protozoa
88
Q

What side of the animal is the abomasum located on?

A

Right

89
Q

The ______ is the largest compartment of the newborn’s stomach

A

abomasum

90
Q

most protozoa in the rumen belong to the genus ____ or ____

A

isotricha or entodinium

91
Q

what is the ph of the ruminants stomach?

A

5.5-7

92
Q

carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the ruminants stomach is digested by microbes to become ______.

A

VFA

93
Q

propionate in the rumen goes to the _____ to procuce _____

A

liver, glucose

94
Q

Acetate in the rumen goes to the ______ to procuce ____

A

all tissues, energy

adipose tissue, fatty acid

95
Q

Butyrate in the rumen goes to the ______ to produce ____

A

all tissues, energy

96
Q

Indigestible plant component

A

lignin

97
Q

what are the 3 primary VFAs

A
  1. acetic acid
  2. propionic acid
  3. butyric acid
98
Q

product of microbes that form short chain peptides as end products which are absorbed in to the microbial cell bodies

A

endopeptidases

99
Q

AA contribute to what 2 things?

A
  1. synthesis of microbial protein

2. metabolized to VFA and ammonia

100
Q

To enter the VFA pathway an AA must first be ______

A

deaminated

101
Q

what happens in deamination?

A

NH3 group removed, carbon skeleton remains

102
Q

What are the exception to the deamination rule

A

Branch chain AA
(BCAA)

carbon skeleton cannot be used

103
Q

nitrogen waste product of prtotein catabolism

A

urea

104
Q

What are the 2 sources of urea?

A
  1. urea from deamination of AA

2. nitrogen absorbed as ammonia from the rumen

105
Q

What are the 4 types of fats and lipids?

A
  1. triglycerides
  2. glycolipids
  3. phospholipids
  4. free fatty acids
106
Q

major lipid type found in cereal grains, oilseeds, animal fats, and byproduct of feeds, also in milk

A

triglycerides

107
Q

major lipid type found in forages

A

glycolipids

108
Q

minor compnent of most feeds, forms the cell memb. of all animal cells, and the surface of milk fat globules

A

phospholipids

109
Q

Lipid that is important in fat digestion in the SI of cows

A

phospholipids

110
Q

minor component of dairy feeds, but major component of certain fat supplements

A

free fatty acids

111
Q

microorganism that digests triglycerids

A

A. lipolytica

112
Q

microorganism that digests phospho and glycolipids

A

B. fibrisolvens

113
Q

ruminants eating high forage will have a acetic/propionic/butyric ratio of:

A

70:20:10

114
Q

Ruminants eating high grain diets will have an acetic/propionic/butyric ratio of:

A

60:30:10

115
Q

What 3 vitamins do microbs synthesize?

A
  1. vit. C
  2. vit. K
  3. Vit. B (B1 and B12)
116
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Thyamin

117
Q

Bitamin B12

A

Cobalamin

118
Q

When do you see a vit. B1 deficiency

A

sudden change of feed from roughage to concentrate

119
Q

When do you see a vit B12 deficiency

A

cobalt poor soils or diets with too much grain

120
Q

What are the 2 main mechanisms for absorption of VFA in rumen epithelium?

A
  1. ionized VFA- need carrier

2. non-ionized VFA- lipophilic- diffuse through apical memb

121
Q

how does rumen acidosis occur?

A

fast-fermentable carbohydrates lead to an inc. in VFA production

ph in rumen dec.

122
Q

what is the pK of VFA?

A

4.8

123
Q

What are the 3 ways sodium is absorbed in the rumen

A
  1. Na channel
  2. Na/H exchanger
  3. basolat. Na/K ATPase
124
Q

What 2 ways are Cl absorbed in the rumen

A
  1. Cl/HCO3 exchanger

2. basolateral channel

125
Q

what is the highest mineral found in the rumen?

A

Na

126
Q

what are the 2 buffers found in the rumen?

A

H2PO4-

HCO3-

127
Q

What 2 ways is potassium absorbed in the rumen?

A

apical and basolateral channels

128
Q

how is magnesium absorbed in the rumen?

A 
Mg channel
(affected by high K)
129
Q

what are the clinical signs of pasture grass tetany?

A

irritability, muscle twitching, incoordination staggers, collapse

130
Q

What two ways are Ca absorbed in rumen?

A
  1. Ca/H exchanger

2. basolat. Na/Ca exchanger and Ca ATPase

131
Q

compartment of the stomach with muscular folds that project into the lumen, the canal connects reticulum to abomasum

A

omasum

132
Q

What are the 3 functions of the omasum?

A
  1. concentration of ingestia (absorption of H2o)
  2. SCFA absorption
  3. Na Cl absorption
  4. HCO3 reabsorption
133
Q

What are the two motility patterns in the rumen?

A
  1. mixing (primary contractions)

2. erucation (secondary contractions)

134
Q

The two major motility patterns observed in the rumen are:

a. Peristaltic and antiperistaltic waves
b. Segmentation andpropulsive contractions
c. Mixing and erucation contractions

A

c.

135
Q

T/F. Deglutition, eructation, and regurgitation can be observed on the left side of a cow?

A

T

136
Q

What is the function of primary contractions?

A

reduce particle size

137
Q

What is the function of secondary contractions

A

force gas toward cranial part of rumen

138
Q

What are the main compnents of the gas produced in the rumen?

A

carbon dioxide and methane

139
Q

where is the eructation center located?

A

medulla

140
Q

bloating that occurs in cattle when the eructation mechanism fails

A

tympanism

141
Q

When cattle feed on lush, rapidly growing alfalfa or clover pastures, gas becomes trapped in tiny bubbles and normal gas bubble cannot accumulate on top of dorsal sac

A

legume bloat

142
Q

occurs most frequently in high producing dairy cows

A

ruminant ketosis

143
Q

Where is the control center for reticulorumen motility located

A

brainstem

144
Q

a gutterlike infagination transversing the wall of the reticulum from the cardia to the reticulo-omasal orfice

A

esophageal groove/ reticular groove

145
Q

What is the importance of the reticular groove?

A

diverts milk away from the rumen to the abomasum

146
Q

all of the glucose available to ruminants originates from _______.

A

gluconeogenesis

147
Q

The most important precrsor of glucose in ruminants is the VFA ______

A

propionate

148
Q

Bloat in cattle is caused by

a. inc. in the volume of cas produced
b. failure of the erucation lmechanism

A

b.

149
Q

proprionate enters the krebs cycle as ____

A

succinate

150
Q

succinate leads to the formation of ______ which is the entry metabolite for gluconeogenesis.

A

oxyloacetate

Physiology 2 (19 decks)

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