Final Exam: Endocrine Pancreas 3 Flashcards
Lack or deficiency of insulin produces a syndrome called _______
Diabetes Mellitus
What are the two categories of insulin deficiency?
- Absolute- absence of insulin
2. Relative- insulin is not working properly/ insulin resistance
Absolute insulin deficiency is Type1/Type2
Type 1
Relative insulin deficiency is Type 1/2
Type 2
Insulin deficiency cause blood glucose to inc/dec
inc
Insulin deficiency causes ____ of fat storage and release of FFA
lipolysis
most dogs have type 1/2 diabetes
Type 1
most cats have type 1/2 diabetes
type 2
What is HSL? and where is it expressed
Hormone sensitive lipase
found in adipose tissue
Excess FFA will be converted into ____ and ____
phospholipids and cholesterol
Enzyme used for hydrolysis of stored triglycerides
HSL
Insulin deficiency causes protein ______ and inc/dec plasma AA
depletion
inc
T/F insulin is an anabolic hormone?
T
T/F if insulin is absent or not working patient will enter a catabolic state.
T
What two things are AA in the blood used for?
- Direct energy source in the liver
2. substrate for gluconeogenesis
What is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
absolute deficiency
No inc. in endogenous insulin after stimulation.
Absolute necessity for exogenous insulin to maintain control of glycemia
What are some factors involved in type 1 Diabetes?
- Genetics
- Immune-mediated insulitis
- Pancreatitis
- Obesity
- concurrent hormonal dz
- drugs
- infection
- Concurrent illness
- Hyperlipidemia
What is the most common long term complication of diabetes in dogs
Cataracts
What is the cause of cataracts in diabetic dogs?
Altered osmotic relationships in the lens induced by accumulation of Sorbitol and galactitol
swelling and rupture of the lens fibers
Enzyme that breaks down glucose and galactose into sugar alcohols in the lens
Aldose reductase
Type of Diabetes caracterized by the resistance to the metabolic effects of insulin
Type 2
The failure of which cell type can cause type 2 diabetes?
Beta cell
List some factors that could leada to type 2 diabetes in cats?
- obesity
- pancreatitis
- concurrent hormonal dz
- drugs
- infection
- genetic
polypeptide produced and secreted by beta cells together withinsulin secreation
amylin
What is the purpose of amylin produced by beta cells?
- inc. satiety
- dec. gastric empty
- reduce glucagon production
T/F. All animals have the amyloidogenic amino acid structure with the potential to form amyloid depositions within the islets.
F. Humans, Cats, monkeys
the amyloid deposition within the pancreatic islets is called:
amyloidosis
What happens when amylin aggregates in the islets?
forms amyloid which is toxic to Beta cells and leads to their dysfunction
T/F. It is impossible for type 2 diabetes to disappear?
F
T/F. A cat is suffering from type 2 diabetes caused by Amyloidosis it is irreversible?
T
T/F. A cat suffering from type 2 diabetes cause by Glycotoxicity can be reversible.
T
one of the most common chronic complications of Type 2 diabetes in cats?
Diabetic neuropathy
What is diabetic neuropathy
hyperglycemina leading to nerve injury
What are some C/S of Diabetic neuropathy in cats?
- limb weakness
- difficulty to jump
- Base-narrow gait
- Ataxia
- Muscle atrophy in pelvic limbs
- Plantigrade posture
etc. . .
