Exam III: Acid Base Balance Flashcards
1
Q
What is the lowest pH a patient can survive with?
A
6.8
2
Q
What is the highest pH a patient can survive with?
A
7.8
3
Q
Life depends on maintaining what 3 things?
A
- The proper amt. of body water
- The correct proportion of water and electrolytes in the water
- the body pH within a narrow range
4
Q
_____ affects the structure of proteins, and consequently, the function of enzymes, receptors, transport P, channels, etc.
A
H ions
5
Q
Substances in the body that are important to maintain the pH of 7.4
A
Buffer
6
Q
What are the 2 buffer systems?
A
- intracellular
2. extracellular
7
Q
What two organs help maintain the physiological pH?
A
lungs and kidney
8
Q
What is eliminated from the lungs to help maintain pH
A
CO2
9
Q
What is eliminated from the kidneys to adjust pH?
A
H+ and HCO3-
10
Q
If you inc. H+ you will inc/dec pH?
A
Dec.
11
Q
solutions with a lower pH will have a high/low H conc.?
A
high
12
Q
Solutions with a high pH will have a high/low pH conc?
A
low
13
Q
A solution with the same pH as water (pH 7)
A
neutral
14
Q
What is the logaritmic expression of pH?
pH=
A
-log(H+)
15
Q
Which of the following has the highest pH?
a. gastric juice
b. plasma
c. pancreatic juice
A
c. pancreatic juice
16
Q
Which of the following has the lowest pH?
a. gastric juice
b. plasma
c. pancreatic juice
A
a. gastric juice
17
Q
Whicch of the following has the highest H+ conc?
a. gastric juice
b. plasma
c. pancreatic juice
A
a. gastric juice
18
Q
What equation do we use to cal culate pH in living organisms?
A
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
19
Q
what values are used to calculate the henderso- H equation?
A
CO2
Bicarbonate
20
Q
If you have an inc. in HC03 you will have a inc/dec in pH
A
inc
21
Q
If you have an inc. in PC02 you will have an inc/dec in pH
A
dec.
22
Q
what is alkalosis?
A
inc in pH
23
Q
What is acidosis
A
Dec in pH
24
Q
molecule that can release H+ ions
A
Acid
25
what are the 2 types of acids?
1. Volatile acids
| 2. Non-volatile acids
26
Where do volatile acids come from?
combination of CO2 with H2O
27
Where do non-volatile acids come from?
byproducts of metabolism
28
Molecule that can accept H+
base
29
An acid that rapidly dissociates and releases high amounts of H+
strong acid
30
An acid that releases H with less vigor
weak acid
31
A base that reacts rapidly and strongly with H and removes H very quickly from solution
Strong Base
32
Which of the following substances are considered buffers?
a. carbohydrates
b. bicarbonate
c. hemoglobin
d. fatty acids
e. b and c
f. all of the above
e. B and c
33
A base that reacts slowly to H+
Weak base
34
What is the most important acid in the ECF.
H2CO3
35
What is the most important base in the ECF?
HCO3-
36
Are the acids and bases found in the ECF strong or weak?
Weak
37
A molecule formed by the combination of one or more of the alkaline metals with a basic ion
Alkali
38
Are acids or bases alkali?
Base
39
A substance that is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable?
Buffer
40
What is the dissociation constant (pK)?
pH at which half of the aid is dissociated and half is undissociated
41
T/F. intracellular pH is slightly higher than plasma pH?
F. slightly lower
42
T/F. Cells under ischemia show a more acidic pH than cells under normal conditions?
T
43
A depression of pH below the normal range?
Acidemia
44
An elevation of pH above the normal range?
Alkalemia
45
A disturbance caused by the addition of excess acid or removal of base from the ECF
Acidosis
46
A disturbance caused by the additon of excess base or the removal of acid from the ECF?
Alkalosis
47
What are the 3 systems that regulate H+ and HCO3- conc. and the pH in the body?
1. buffer systems
2. respiration
3. kidneys
48
Which of the 3 pH regulating systems acts the quickest?
buffer systems
49
What are the 3 components of the buffer system?
1. bicarbonate
2. phosphate
3. proteins
50
How does respiration work to regulate pH?
regulates CO2
51
How do the kidneys work to regulate pH?
excrete and reabsorb H+ and HCO3-
52
Which blood constituent can be used to indirectly calculate the concentration of HCO3-?
a. ocygen
b. CO2
c. HCO3-
d. H2O
CO2
53
In tissue hypoxia or ischemia, what pH would you expect?
a. more acidic
b. more alkaline
c. no change
a. more acidic
54
T/F. A buffer is a substance that can bind H+ irreversibly.
F. Reversibly
55
What is the most important extracellular buffer system?
bicarbonate buffer
56
How is HCO3 regulated i the hydration reaction?
the kidneys
57
How is CO2 regulated in the hydration reaction?
lungs
58
What is the pK of the bicarbonate buffer system?
6.1
59
If there is an excess in H+ which way will the hydration reaction shift? To the right or left?
Left. Excess CO2 will be eliminated.
60
If there is a dec. in conc. of H+ which way will the hydration reaction shift? right or left?
Right. Respairation is inhibited to conserve CO2
61
Which buffer system is important in intracellular fluid and renal tubule fluid?
Phosphate buffer system
62
What does the phosphate buffer system respond to?
high conc. of phosphate in the tubular lumen
63
What is the pK of the phosphate buffer system?
6.8
64
Which buffer system in our body is considered open? and why?
bicarbonate buffer system, because lungs and kidneys can alter conc. of CO2 and HCO3-
65
How do proteins act as buffers?
basic amino acid groups can accept protons
66
What is the important buffer system in erythrocytes?
Hb
67
What are the two positions that Hb can accomodate protons?
1. Histidine's side chain
| 2. Carboxyl groups
68
What are the 3 intracellular buffers?
1. amino acids
2. proteins
3. phosphate
69
in reference to membrane carriers, what would happen if pH in the cytosol dec?
Na/H+ exchanger will be activated
| Cl/HCO3 exchanger will be inhibited
70
If you have an inc. in ventilation, you will have an inc. in CO2 and a ____ in H+
dec.
71
If you have a dec. in ventilation, you will have a dec. in CO2 and a ____ in H+
inc.
72
HCO3- can be absorbed in all parts of the nephron except:
thin limb of the loop of henle
73
T/F Bicarbonate is freely filteralbe.
T
74
In acidosis, ______ will be reabsorbed.
HCO3-
75
In alkalosis, ______ will be excreted
HCO3-
76
In Acidosis, ______ will be excreted
Excess H+
77
type A intercallated cells secrete_____ and reabsorb _____.
Acid (h+), HCO3-
78
type B intercalated cells reabsorb _____ and eliminate _______
H+, HCO3-
79
A Dec. conc. of K ions in the ECF
Hypokalemia
80
What is the effect of Hypokalemia
muscle weakness because of dec. neural transmission
81
A cow presents K deficiency on the blood (hypokalemia) caused by malnutrition. which of the following would you expect? (two answers)
a. The urine becomes more acidic
b. The blood pH becomes more acidic
c. The urine pH becomes more alkaline
d. The blood's pH becomes more alkaline
a and d
82
K intracellular conc.
140 mmol/L
83
K extracellular conc.
5mmol/L
84
What is the effect of hyperkalemeia?
cardiac toxicity
85
In hyperkalemia, you will have an _inc/dec_ in pH
dec.
86
in hypokalemia, you will have an _inc/dec_ in pH
inc.
87
In acidosis, ____ leaves the cell, and ____ enters
H, K Apically
88
in alkalosis, ___ leaves the cell and ___ enters
H, K Basolaterally
89
If you have a metabolic acidosis or alkalosis which organs will compensate?
lungs
90
the most important buffers in the blood are:
a. bicarbonate and phosphate
b. phosphate and protein
c. bicarbonate and Hb
d. bicarbonate and protein
c.
91
If you have respiratory acidosis/alkalosis which organs will compensate?
renal
92
T/F.a poor kidney function would inc. H+ conc. and stimulate ventilation.
T
93
What 4 parameters are needed for analyzing acid-base status?
1. pH
2. pCO2
3. standard bicarbonate
4. base excess
94
Way to evaluate acid-base disorders that uses electrolytes.
Anion gap
95
What is the law of electroneutrality?
the concentration of anions and cations in plasma must be equal
96
the difference between unmeasured cations and unmeasured anions
anion gap
97
```
the renal tubules affects acid base balance by:
a. generating new HCO3-
b. eliminating H+ as ammonium
c. Altering the pK of the HCO3 Buffer
d. Eliminating CO2
e. Both a and b
F All of the above
```
e
98
Transmembrand H+ transport in the PT is accomplished by
a. an antiport with Na
b. A H+ ATPase
c. H+/K+ exchanger
d. A and B
e. All of the above
d.
99
Movement of cows to high altitude pastures during summer can cause:
a. an inc. hematocrit
b. an alkalosis
c. hypercapnia
d. hypoventilation
e. a and b are right
f. b and c are right
e.
100
What 4 disorders may cause respiratory alkalosis?
1. alveolar hypervent. during anesthesia
2. High altitude
3. damage to resp. center
4. emotional excitment
101
What are 5 disorders that may cause metabolic acidosis?
1. Renal failure
2. hyperkalemia
3. hyperparathyroidism
4. diarrhea
5. fistulas
102
What are 5 disorders that cause metabolic alkalosis?
1. vomiting
2. torsion of the abomasum
3. hypokalemia
4. hypoparathyroidism
103
What are 4 disorders that cause respiratory acidosis?
1. Alveolar hypoventilation
2. fractured ribs
3. bloated abdomen
4. resp. obstructive disease
104
a metabolic acidosis cannot be caused by
a. diarrhea
b. diabetes mellitus
c. renal failure
d. torsion of the abomasum in ruminants
d.
