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Physiology 2 > Exam III: Acid Base Balance > Flashcards

Exam III: Acid Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lowest pH a patient can survive with?

A

6.8

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2
Q

What is the highest pH a patient can survive with?

A

7.8

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3
Q

Life depends on maintaining what 3 things?

A
  1. The proper amt. of body water
  2. The correct proportion of water and electrolytes in the water
  3. the body pH within a narrow range
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4
Q

_____ affects the structure of proteins, and consequently, the function of enzymes, receptors, transport P, channels, etc.

A

H ions

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5
Q

Substances in the body that are important to maintain the pH of 7.4

A

Buffer

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6
Q

What are the 2 buffer systems?

A
  1. intracellular

2. extracellular

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7
Q

What two organs help maintain the physiological pH?

A

lungs and kidney

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8
Q

What is eliminated from the lungs to help maintain pH

A

CO2

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9
Q

What is eliminated from the kidneys to adjust pH?

A

H+ and HCO3-

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10
Q

If you inc. H+ you will inc/dec pH?

A

Dec.

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11
Q

solutions with a lower pH will have a high/low H conc.?

A

high

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12
Q

Solutions with a high pH will have a high/low pH conc?

A

low

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13
Q

A solution with the same pH as water (pH 7)

A

neutral

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14
Q

What is the logaritmic expression of pH?

pH=

A

-log(H+)

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15
Q

Which of the following has the highest pH?

a. gastric juice
b. plasma
c. pancreatic juice

A

c. pancreatic juice

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16
Q

Which of the following has the lowest pH?

a. gastric juice
b. plasma
c. pancreatic juice

A

a. gastric juice

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17
Q

Whicch of the following has the highest H+ conc?

a. gastric juice
b. plasma
c. pancreatic juice

A

a. gastric juice

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18
Q

What equation do we use to cal culate pH in living organisms?

A

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

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19
Q

what values are used to calculate the henderso- H equation?

A

CO2

Bicarbonate

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20
Q

If you have an inc. in HC03 you will have a inc/dec in pH

A

inc

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21
Q

If you have an inc. in PC02 you will have an inc/dec in pH

A

dec.

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22
Q

what is alkalosis?

A

inc in pH

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23
Q

What is acidosis

A

Dec in pH

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24
Q

molecule that can release H+ ions

A

Acid

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25
Q

what are the 2 types of acids?

A
  1. Volatile acids

2. Non-volatile acids

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26
Q

Where do volatile acids come from?

A

combination of CO2 with H2O

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27
Q

Where do non-volatile acids come from?

A

byproducts of metabolism

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28
Q

Molecule that can accept H+

A

base

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29
Q

An acid that rapidly dissociates and releases high amounts of H+

A

strong acid

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30
Q

An acid that releases H with less vigor

A

weak acid

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31
Q

A base that reacts rapidly and strongly with H and removes H very quickly from solution

A

Strong Base

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32
Q

Which of the following substances are considered buffers?

a. carbohydrates
b. bicarbonate
c. hemoglobin
d. fatty acids
e. b and c
f. all of the above

A

e. B and c

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33
Q

A base that reacts slowly to H+

A

Weak base

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34
Q

What is the most important acid in the ECF.

A

H2CO3

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35
Q

What is the most important base in the ECF?

A

HCO3-

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36
Q

Are the acids and bases found in the ECF strong or weak?

A

Weak

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37
Q

A molecule formed by the combination of one or more of the alkaline metals with a basic ion

A

Alkali

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38
Q

Are acids or bases alkali?

A

Base

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39
Q

A substance that is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable?

A

Buffer

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40
Q

What is the dissociation constant (pK)?

A

pH at which half of the aid is dissociated and half is undissociated

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41
Q

T/F. intracellular pH is slightly higher than plasma pH?

A

F. slightly lower

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42
Q

T/F. Cells under ischemia show a more acidic pH than cells under normal conditions?

A

T

43
Q

A depression of pH below the normal range?

A

Acidemia

44
Q

An elevation of pH above the normal range?

A

Alkalemia

45
Q

A disturbance caused by the addition of excess acid or removal of base from the ECF

A

Acidosis

46
Q

A disturbance caused by the additon of excess base or the removal of acid from the ECF?

A

Alkalosis

47
Q

What are the 3 systems that regulate H+ and HCO3- conc. and the pH in the body?

A
  1. buffer systems
  2. respiration
  3. kidneys
48
Q

Which of the 3 pH regulating systems acts the quickest?

A

buffer systems

49
Q

What are the 3 components of the buffer system?

A
  1. bicarbonate
  2. phosphate
  3. proteins
50
Q

How does respiration work to regulate pH?

A

regulates CO2

51
Q

How do the kidneys work to regulate pH?

A

excrete and reabsorb H+ and HCO3-

52
Q

Which blood constituent can be used to indirectly calculate the concentration of HCO3-?

a. ocygen
b. CO2
c. HCO3-
d. H2O

A

CO2

53
Q

In tissue hypoxia or ischemia, what pH would you expect?

a. more acidic
b. more alkaline
c. no change

A

a. more acidic

54
Q

T/F. A buffer is a substance that can bind H+ irreversibly.

A

F. Reversibly

55
Q

What is the most important extracellular buffer system?

A

bicarbonate buffer

56
Q

How is HCO3 regulated i the hydration reaction?

A

the kidneys

57
Q

How is CO2 regulated in the hydration reaction?

A

lungs

58
Q

What is the pK of the bicarbonate buffer system?

A

6.1

59
Q

If there is an excess in H+ which way will the hydration reaction shift? To the right or left?

A

Left. Excess CO2 will be eliminated.

60
Q

If there is a dec. in conc. of H+ which way will the hydration reaction shift? right or left?

A

Right. Respairation is inhibited to conserve CO2

61
Q

Which buffer system is important in intracellular fluid and renal tubule fluid?

A

Phosphate buffer system

62
Q

What does the phosphate buffer system respond to?

A

high conc. of phosphate in the tubular lumen

63
Q

What is the pK of the phosphate buffer system?

A

6.8

64
Q

Which buffer system in our body is considered open? and why?

A

bicarbonate buffer system, because lungs and kidneys can alter conc. of CO2 and HCO3-

65
Q

How do proteins act as buffers?

A

basic amino acid groups can accept protons

66
Q

What is the important buffer system in erythrocytes?

A

Hb

67
Q

What are the two positions that Hb can accomodate protons?

A
  1. Histidine’s side chain

2. Carboxyl groups

68
Q

What are the 3 intracellular buffers?

A
  1. amino acids
  2. proteins
  3. phosphate
69
Q

in reference to membrane carriers, what would happen if pH in the cytosol dec?

A

Na/H+ exchanger will be activated

Cl/HCO3 exchanger will be inhibited

70
Q

If you have an inc. in ventilation, you will have an inc. in CO2 and a ____ in H+

A

dec.

71
Q

If you have a dec. in ventilation, you will have a dec. in CO2 and a ____ in H+

A

inc.

72
Q

HCO3- can be absorbed in all parts of the nephron except:

A

thin limb of the loop of henle

73
Q

T/F Bicarbonate is freely filteralbe.

A

T

74
Q

In acidosis, ______ will be reabsorbed.

A

HCO3-

75
Q

In alkalosis, ______ will be excreted

A

HCO3-

76
Q

In Acidosis, ______ will be excreted

A

Excess H+

77
Q

type A intercallated cells secrete_____ and reabsorb _____.

A

Acid (h+), HCO3-

78
Q

type B intercalated cells reabsorb _____ and eliminate _______

A

H+, HCO3-

79
Q

A Dec. conc. of K ions in the ECF

A

Hypokalemia

80
Q

What is the effect of Hypokalemia

A

muscle weakness because of dec. neural transmission

81
Q

A cow presents K deficiency on the blood (hypokalemia) caused by malnutrition. which of the following would you expect? (two answers)

a. The urine becomes more acidic
b. The blood pH becomes more acidic
c. The urine pH becomes more alkaline
d. The blood’s pH becomes more alkaline

A

a and d

82
Q

K intracellular conc.

A

140 mmol/L

83
Q

K extracellular conc.

A

5mmol/L

84
Q

What is the effect of hyperkalemeia?

A

cardiac toxicity

85
Q

In hyperkalemia, you will have an inc/dec in pH

A

dec.

86
Q

in hypokalemia, you will have an inc/dec in pH

A

inc.

87
Q

In acidosis, ____ leaves the cell, and ____ enters

A

H, K Apically

88
Q

in alkalosis, ___ leaves the cell and ___ enters

A

H, K Basolaterally

89
Q

If you have a metabolic acidosis or alkalosis which organs will compensate?

A

lungs

90
Q

the most important buffers in the blood are:

a. bicarbonate and phosphate
b. phosphate and protein
c. bicarbonate and Hb
d. bicarbonate and protein

A

c.

91
Q

If you have respiratory acidosis/alkalosis which organs will compensate?

A

renal

92
Q

T/F.a poor kidney function would inc. H+ conc. and stimulate ventilation.

A

T

93
Q

What 4 parameters are needed for analyzing acid-base status?

A
  1. pH
  2. pCO2
  3. standard bicarbonate
  4. base excess
94
Q

Way to evaluate acid-base disorders that uses electrolytes.

A

Anion gap

95
Q

What is the law of electroneutrality?

A

the concentration of anions and cations in plasma must be equal

96
Q

the difference between unmeasured cations and unmeasured anions

A

anion gap

97
Q 
the renal tubules affects acid base balance by:
a. generating new HCO3-
b. eliminating H+ as ammonium
c. Altering the pK of the HCO3 Buffer
d. Eliminating CO2
e. Both a and b
F All of the above
A

e

98
Q

Transmembrand H+ transport in the PT is accomplished by

a. an antiport with Na
b. A H+ ATPase
c. H+/K+ exchanger
d. A and B
e. All of the above

A

d.

99
Q

Movement of cows to high altitude pastures during summer can cause:

a. an inc. hematocrit
b. an alkalosis
c. hypercapnia
d. hypoventilation
e. a and b are right
f. b and c are right

A

e.

100
Q

What 4 disorders may cause respiratory alkalosis?

A
  1. alveolar hypervent. during anesthesia
  2. High altitude
  3. damage to resp. center
  4. emotional excitment
101
Q

What are 5 disorders that may cause metabolic acidosis?

A
  1. Renal failure
  2. hyperkalemia
  3. hyperparathyroidism
  4. diarrhea
  5. fistulas
102
Q

What are 5 disorders that cause metabolic alkalosis?

A
  1. vomiting
  2. torsion of the abomasum
  3. hypokalemia
  4. hypoparathyroidism
103
Q

What are 4 disorders that cause respiratory acidosis?

A
  1. Alveolar hypoventilation
  2. fractured ribs
  3. bloated abdomen
  4. resp. obstructive disease
104
Q

a metabolic acidosis cannot be caused by

a. diarrhea
b. diabetes mellitus
c. renal failure
d. torsion of the abomasum in ruminants

A

d.

Physiology 2 (19 decks)

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