Final Exam - Section 3 (11/22/16) Flashcards
Attention-
Automatic processes -
bottom-up process - stimulated by stimuli in the _________
environment
Behaviors that are NOT automatic require _________ attention
focused
Behaviors that are not automatic require focused attention
- _________ process
Top-down
Automated attention - _________ process
Bottom-up
Focused attention - _________ Process
Top-down
_________ top-down focused attention
conscious
_________ - looking at a picture for the missing feature - focused
Conjunction search
Conscious / Focused attention-
Conjunction search -
_________ to detect features of stimuli
Serial process (serial search)
Attention-
If each feature of a stimulus (form, color, movement etc.) is processed in separate parts of the _________ lobes
occipital
Attention-
Some features are _________ significant (demand more attention) and are detected _________
- biologically
- faster
biological Attention-
amygdala responsive to _________ stimuli
fear
Neurophysiology of attention:
Measures of neural activity suggest that _________ attention depends on neurons in visual fields higher than V1 (e.g., V4)
-selective
Neurophysiology of attention:
Measures of _________ activity suggest that selective attention depends on neurons in visual fields _________ than V1 (e.g., V4)
- neural
- higher
Neurophysiology of attention:
_________ attention -
- Can only process so much information at a time
- Can only pay attention to one task at any moment
Divided
Neurophysiology of attention:
Divided attention-
- Can only process so much _________ at a time
- Can only pay attention to _________ task at any moment
- information
- one
Neurophysiology of attention:
Divided attention-
Multitasking _________ performance
- -Attention to some stimuli decreases (e.g., cell phone and driving)
- -Routine tasks demand little attention
- -More complex tasks demand more attention
decreases
Neurophysiology of attention:
Divided attention-
Multitasking decreases performance
- -Attention to some stimuli _________ (e.g., cell phone and driving)
- -Routine tasks demand _________ attention
- -More complex tasks demand _________ attention
- decreases
- little
- more
Neurophysiology of attention:
_________ – multiple objects or visual, auditory, and somatic information being perceived at the same time
Competing stimuli
Neurophysiology of attention:
Competing stimuli – multiple objects or _________, auditory, and _________ information being perceived at the same time
- visual
- somatic
Neurophysiology of attention:
Competing stimuli – multiple objects or visual, _________, and somatic information being perceived at the _________ time
- auditory
- same
Neurophysiology of attention:
Competing stimuli –
- Serial selection and processing of _________
- Visual stimuli get _________ attention than auditory unless specifically directed to pay attention to _________ stimuli
- objects
- more
- auditory
Neurophysiology of attention:
Competing stimuli –
_________ dorsolateral _________ cortex involved in processing multiple stimuli at the same time
- Left
- prefrontal
Neurophysiology of attention:
Competing stimuli –
Left _________ prefrontal cortex involved in processing _________ stimuli at the same time
- dorsolateral
- multiple
Neurophysiology of attention:
- _________ attention on one stimulus
- _________ attention – moving from one stimulus to another
- Fixed
- Shifting
Shifting attention activates _________ lobes
parietal
Neurophysiology of attention:
If stimuli in left visual field, _________ parietal lobe activated
-right
Neurophysiology of attention:
If stimuli in right visual field, _________ parietal lobe active
left AND right
right parietal lobe damage affects attention to _________ side of body or environment – hemineglect
-left
right parietal lobe damage affects attention to left side of body or environment – _________
hemineglect
If right parietal lobe damaged, attention to _________ visual field lost – left visual field only in _________ lobe
- left
- right
Right visual field in both lobes so damage to left, no _________
deficit
Hemineglect-
Shift attention to left side using _________ that shifted visual field to _________
- prisms
- right
Neurophysiology of attention:
Different neural pathways activated with different _________ tasks but depends on type of _________
- attention
- stimulus
Neurophysiology of attention:
Visual stimuli-
Anterior cingulate and prefrontal areas – all _________ tasks
-visual
Neurophysiology of attention:
Visual stimuli-
_________ – attention to location of visual stimuli
Parietal cortex
Neurophysiology of attention:
Visual stimuli-
_________ – color and form vision (ventral stream)
Occipitotemporal
Neurophysiology of attention:
Visual stimuli-
_________ -
Somatosensory areas and posterior parietal cortex
Tactile stimuli
Neurophysiology of attention:
Visual stimuli-
Tactile stimuli-
Somatosensory areas and _________ cortex
posterior parietal
Neurophysiology of attention:
Posner and _________ propose two attention systems
Raichle
-WHO-
_________
Posterior and Anterior cortical attention system
Posner and Raichle
Neurophysiology of attention:
Posterior cortical attention system
_________ cortex
Posterior parietal
Neurophysiology of attention:
Posterior cortical attention system-
- Posterior parietal cortex
- -Disengage, engage, or move _________
attention
Neurophysiology of attention:
_________ cortex
Attention to features of objects
Posterior temporal
Neurophysiology of attention:
Posterior temporal cortex
- Attention to features of objects
- -Damage causes _________
agnosias
Neurophysiology of attention:
Anterior cortical attention system
- _________ lobes
Frontal
Anterior cortical attention system
-Frontal lobes
_________ attention systems
Programs
Anterior cortical attention system
-Frontal lobes
- Programs attention systems
- -Sends input to _________ attention system and _________ posterior attention system
- posterior
- activates
Damage to anterior attention system – cannot select _________ stimuli to attend to so overwhelmed by _________ (e.g., schizophrenia)
- specific
- input
Damage to anterior attention system – cannot select specific stimuli to attend to so overwhelmed by input (e.g., _________ )
schizophrenia
How do we pay attention?
Hypothesis – Activity in a population of neurons involved in processing stimuli becomes _________ when attending to stimulus
synchronized
How do we pay attention?
More likely to cause action potential in all postsynaptic neurons receiving _________ input
synchronous
Inattention:
Visual attention-
_________ -
– do not notice something when performing another task
Gorilla video
Inattentional blindness
_________ trumps _________
- Visual
- Auditory
Inattention:
Visual attention-
_________ -
Failure to detect changes in scene when not expecting changes
Change blindness
Inattention:
Visual attention-
_________ -
Fail to detect second stimuli if presented close to first stimulus (500 ms)
Attentional blink
Inattention:
Visual attention-
_________ -
- If told to ignore first stimulus, can detect second
- Limitation of visual system
Attentional blink
Inattention:
Visual attention-
_________ -
One person swapped out for another
Change blindness
Visual attention-
Inattentional blindness, change blindness, attentional blink
Information doesn’t reach _________ even though stimuli are processed by the _________
- consciousness
- brain
Visual attention-
Inattentional blindness, change blindness, attentional blink
Damage to this system – _________ neglect
-sensory
_________ -
Central representations or images
Mental images
Mental images-
_________ – initiating a movement leaves a record of that movement
Reafference theory (corollary discharge)
Reafference theory (_________)
-corollary discharge
Reafference theory (corollary discharge) -
As movement occurs, if there are differences between actual movement and neural record of the movement, movement can be _________ next time the movement occurs
adjusted
Reafference theory (corollary discharge) – initiating a movement leaves a _________ of that movement
record
Reafference theory (corollary discharge) –
Mentally rehearsing movement takes _________ amount of time and number of steps as the actual movement – suggests same _________ as in actual movement
- same
- processing
Reafference theory (corollary discharge) –
Scans during imagined movements – _________ active in frontal lobes during real and imagined movements
premotor cortex
Reafference theory (corollary discharge) –
Scans during imagined movements – premotor cortex active in frontal lobes during real and _________ movements
imagined
Reafference theory (corollary discharge) –
premotor cortex - Same area _________ in real and imagined movements
involved
Neural basis of mental images:
-Evidence that mental images originate from _________ levels of visual systems (temporal and parietal regions)
higher
Neural basis of mental images:
-Evidence that mental images originate from higher levels of visual systems (temporal and _________ regions)
-parietal
Neural basis of mental images:
mental images originate from higher levels of visual systems
-Then activate lower visual centers in _________ lobe
occipital
Neural basis of mental images:
_________ – same neural activity when see another person making a movement as if you are making movement
Mirror neurons
Neural basis of mental images:
Mirror neurons – same neural activity when see another person making a _________ as if you are making movement
movement
Neural basis of mental images:
Mirror neurons – Premotor cortex, _________, primary motor cortex
Broca’s area
Neural basis of mental images:
Mirror neurons – Premotor cortex, Broca’s area, _________ cortex
primary motor
