Neuropsychology - - The study of normal human behavior (emotion, cognition etc.) based on the function of the brain - Assessment of changes in behavior and _________ function due to disease or _________ brain injury - Involves physiology, _________, anatomy, _________, pharmacology etc

- neural - traumatic - biopsychology - biochemistry

-Neurons- - Signals are called _________ and consist of a brief change in the electrical _________ of the neuron - Travel at 2 – 200 miles/h

- ACTION POTENTIALS - polarization

Final Exam - (9/6/16, 9/8/16) Flashcards by Ryan Clark

_________ – the study of the nervous system

Neuroscience

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_________ - the study of the relationship between behavior and brain function

Neuropsychology

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Neuropsychology -

The study of _________ human behavior (emotion, cognition etc.) based on the function of the _________
Assessment of changes in _________ and neural function due to disease or traumatic brain injury
Involves physiology, biopsychology, anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacology etc

normal
brain
behavior

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Neuropsychology -

The study of normal human behavior (emotion, cognition etc.) based on the function of the brain
Assessment of changes in behavior and _________ function due to disease or _________ brain injury
Involves physiology, _________, anatomy, _________, pharmacology etc

neural
traumatic
biopsychology
biochemistry

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All psychological processes are based on _________ processes, many of which occur in the _________

biological

- brain

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_________ is a description of the things the brain does

mind = brain _________

Mind

- activity

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Damage to one brain _________ may affect one aspect of a _________

region

- behavior

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Example of distributed _________ organization of function – the case of HM
Treatment for epilepsy – bilateral surgical removal of medial aspects of _________ lobe Surgery caused specific memory problems – could not form new memories
Old memories were retained

hierarchical

- temporal

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-Distributed hierarchical organization of function-
If unique aspects of a behavior reside in different areas of the brain, why don’t we perceive the different aspects of the behavior? _________ problem

Binding

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_________ -
Multiple brain regions involved in forming
and interpreting images but we perceive a _________ image

Vision

- single

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Vision:

-Conscious and unconscious _________ streams
–Damage to conscious stream
(ventral stream) – cannot see or _________ an object
–No damage to unconscious stream
(dorsal) stream – can reach for an object but
cannot see it

neural

- recognize

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Vision:

-Conscious and unconscious _________ streams
–Damage to conscious stream
(_________ stream) – cannot see or recognize an object
–No damage to unconscious stream
(_________) stream – can reach for an object but
cannot see it

ventral

- dorsal

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-Neurons and Neural Transmission -

Premise - All _________ processes are due to biological processes, particularly the biological processes in the _________ system and the brain

psychological

- nervous

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-Neurons and Neural Transmission-

The building blocks of the nervous system –_________

NEURONS

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-Neurons and Neural Transmission-

The brain has been estimated to consist of _________ billion neurons

85 - 120

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-Neurons and Neural Transmission-

Neurons = ___% of the brain’s cells, _________ cells 2 – 10 times the number of neurons

- glial

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-Neurons and Neural Transmission-

Neurons receive, _________, and pass on _________ in the brain

integrate

- information

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-Neurons -

Signals travel from the _________ to the terminal branches of the _________

dendrites

- axon

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-Neurons-

Signals are called _________ and consist of a brief change in the electrical _________ of the neuron
Travel at 2 – 200 miles/h

ACTION POTENTIALS

- polarization

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-Neurons-

Signals are called ACTION POTENTIALS and consist of a brief change in the electrical polarization of the neuron
Travel at _________ miles/h

2 – 200

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-Neurons-

_________ - bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the _________
–The greater the surface area of dendrites the more information they can receive – dendritic spines increase surface area

DENDRITES

- cell body

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-Neurons-

DENDRITES - bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the cell body
–The greater the _________ of dendrites the more information they can receive
– _________ increase surface area

surface area

- dendritic spines

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-Neurons-

CELL BODY (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) – contains the nucleus with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
--Conducts metabolic processes to support the survival of the neuron (energy, waste removal etc)

Soma

- DNA

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-Neurons-

CELL BODY (Soma) – contains the nucleus with DNA
--Conducts \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ processes to support the survival of the neuron (energy, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ removal etc)

metabolic

- waste

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-Neurons- _________ - extension of the neuron through which signals are passed – can be very long or very short - _________ (start of axon) - Axon terminals (teleodendria)

- AXON | - Axon hillock

-Neurons- _________ – glial cells filled with fatty tissue (myelin) that surround the axons of many neurons allowing signals to be rapidly passed down the axon - _________ - gaps in myelin sheath through which action potentials are transmitted

MYELIN SHEATH | -NODES of RANVIER

-Neurons- MYELIN SHEATH – glial cells filled with _________ (myelin) that surround the axons of many _________ allowing signals to be rapidly passed down the axon -NODES of RANVIER - gaps in myelin sheath through which action potentials are transmitted

- fatty tissue | - neurons

-Neurons- MYELIN SHEATH – glial cells filled with fatty tissue (myelin) that surround the axons of many neurons allowing signals to be rapidly passed down the axon -NODES of RANVIER - gaps in _________ through which action potentials are _________

- myelin sheath | - transmitted

3 main types of neurons : - _________ - Interneurons - _________

- Sensory neurons | - Motor neurons

3 main types of neurons : - Sensory neurons - _________ - Motor neurons

Interneurons

_________ – specialized at one end – very sensitive to stimulation (touch, light, sound) - -information from body (sensory receptors) to brain and spinal cord - - _________ – brings information into a structure (A = admission)

- Sensory neurons | - Afferent

Sensory neurons – specialized at one end – very sensitive to _________ (touch, light, sound) - -information from _________ (sensory receptors) to brain and spinal cord - -Afferent – brings information into a structure (A = admission)

- stimulation | - body

Sensory neurons – specialized at one end – very sensitive to stimulation (touch, light, sound) - -information from body (sensory receptors) to brain and _________ - - _________ – brings information into a structure (A = admission)

- spinal cord | - Afferent

-- Afferent – brings information _________ a structure (A = _________ )

- into | - admission

_________ – dendrites and axons within same structure | --carry _________ from one neuron to another neuron within the brain or spinal cord

- Interneurons | - messages

Interneurons – dendrites and _________ within same structure --carry messages from one _________ to another _________ within the brain or spinal cord

- axons - neuron - neuron

_________ : - output from brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs - _________ – carries information away from a structure (E = exit)

- Motor neurons | - Efferent

Motor neurons: - output from brain and spinal cord to _________ and organs - Efferent – carries information _________ from a structure (E = exit)

- muscles | - away

-Efferent – carries information away from a structure (E = _________)

exit

-Neural Signals - The neuronal _________ controls the passage of substances into and out of _________

- cell membrane | - neurons

-Neural Signals- Cell membrane is selectively _________ Restricts what passes through

permeable

-Neural Signals- Cell membrane is a double layer of _________ molecules + _________ molecules

- lipid | - protein

-Neural Signals- Heads of lipid molecules are _________ – water loving

hydrophilic

-Neural Signals- Heads of lipid molecules are hydrophilic – water _________

loving

-Neural Signals- Tails of lipid molecules are _________ – water aversion

hydrophobic

-Neural Signals- Tails of lipid molecules are hydrophobic – water _________

aversion

-Neural Signals- Neuron cell membrane is selectively permeable -Movement of electrically charged atoms or molecules called _________ in and out of the neuron can be _________ controlled

- IONS | - strictly

-Neural Signals- _________ = atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons

Ion

-Neural Signals- Ion = atom or molecule that has gained or lost _________

electrons

-Neural Signals- Selective _________ to ions = differences in the distribution of ions between the inside and the outside of the _________

- permeability | - neuron

-Neural Signals- Selective permeability to ions = differences in the _________ of ions between the inside and the _________ of the neuron

- distribution | - outside

-Neural Signals- When the neuron is _________ (resting) the ions on the outside are mainly sodium (_________) and chloride (Cl-, negative)

- inactive | - Na+, positive

-Neural Signals- When the neuron is inactive (resting) the ions on the outside are mainly _________ (Na+, positive) and _________ (Cl-, negative)

- sodium | - chloride

-Neural Signals- When the neuron is inactive (resting) the ions on the on _________ are potassium (K+) and negative ions (_________)

- inside | - anions

-Neural Signals- When the neuron is inactive (resting) the ions on the on inside are _________ (K+) and _________ ions (anions)

- potassium | - negative

-Neural Signals- More _________ ions on the inside of the neuron and more _________ ions on the outside of the neuron

- negative | - positive

-Neural Signals- More negative ions on the _________ of the neuron and more positive ions on the _________ of the neuron

- inside | - outside

-Neural Signals- More negative ions on the inside of the neuron and more positive ions on the outside of the neuron Overall effect is that the _________ of the cell is more negative than the _________ of the cell

- inside | - outside

-Neural Signals- Difference in electrical charge across membrane - the neuron is _________

POLARIZED

-Neural Signals- Difference in charge between inside and outside the neuron – voltage = _________

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

-Neural Signals- Typical resting potential is ___ mV

-70

-Action Potentials - More _________ outside cell, inside cell more negative

Na+

-Action Potentials- Concentration and electrical gradient for Na+ to move into cell but movement is _________

blocked

-Action Potentials- More ____ inside cell but inside negative

K+

-Action Potentials- K+ wants to move out of the neuron along concentration gradient but _________ gradient keeps it in – net effect weak tendency to move _________ of neuron

- electrical | - out

-Action Potentials- When neuron is stimulated through input on _________ - Membrane potential becomes _________ negative (e.g., - 55 mV) - Once threshold potential reached - Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the neuron - -Depolarization

- dendrites | - less

-Action Potentials- When neuron is stimulated through input on dendrites - Membrane potential becomes less negative (e.g., ___ mV) - Once threshold potential reached - Na+ _________ open and Na+ rushes into the neuron - -Depolarization

- -55 | - channels

-Action Potentials- When neuron is stimulated through input on dendrites - Membrane potential becomes less negative (e.g., - 55 mV) - Once threshold potential reached - Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes _________ the neuron - - _________

- into | - Depolarization

-Action Potentials- At peak of _________ (i.e., +40 mV) - Na+ channels close, voltage gated K+ channels open - K+ floods _________ of neuron so membrane potential becomes more negative - -Repolarization

- depolarization | - out

-Action Potentials- At peak of depolarization (i.e., ___ mV) - Na+ channels _________, voltage gated K+ channels open - K+ floods out of neuron so membrane potential becomes more negative - -Repolarization

- +40 | - close

-Action Potentials- At peak of depolarization (i.e., +40 mV) - Na+ channels close, voltage gated ___ channels open - K+ floods out of neuron so membrane potential becomes more _________ - -Repolarization

- K+ | - negative

-Action Potentials- At peak of depolarization (i.e., +40 mV) - ____ channels close, voltage gated K+ channels open - K+ floods out of neuron so membrane potential becomes more negative - - _________

- Na+ | - Repolarization

Difference in charge between _________ and _________ the neuron – _________ = RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

- inside - outside - voltage

Difference in electrical charge across _________ - the neuron is POLARIZED

membrane