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Neuropsychology 343 > Exam 1 - Section 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ – the study of the nervous system

A

Neuroscience

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2
Q

_________ - the study of the relationship between behavior and brain function

A

Neuropsychology

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3
Q

Neuropsychology -

  • The study of _________ human behavior (emotion, cognition etc.) based on the function of the _________
  • Assessment of changes in _________ and neural function due to disease or traumatic brain injury
  • Involves physiology, biopsychology, anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacology etc
A
  • normal
  • brain
  • behavior
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4
Q

Neuropsychology -

  • The study of normal human behavior (emotion, cognition etc.) based on the function of the brain
  • Assessment of changes in behavior and _________ function due to disease or _________ brain injury
  • Involves physiology, _________, anatomy, _________, pharmacology etc
A
  • neural
  • traumatic
  • biopsychology
  • biochemistry
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5
Q

Estimated number of traumatic brain injury per year in the US – _________

A

1.7 million

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6
Q

Number of Alzheimer’s patients = _________

Number of Alzheimer’s patients is expected to double by _________

A
  • 5.3 million

- 2050

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7
Q

Cost of serious mental illness estimated at _________ billion per year in the US in 2002

A

$317.6

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8
Q

All psychological processes are based on _________ processes, many of which occur in the _________

A
  • biological

- brain

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9
Q

_________ is a description of the things the brain does

mind = brain _________

A
  • Mind

- activity

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10
Q

All _________ processes are based on brain activity

A

psychological

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11
Q

_________ is the basic unit of the brain

A

Neuron

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12
Q

Damage to one brain _________ may affect one aspect of a _________

A
  • region

- behavior

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13
Q

Example of distributed _________ organization of function – the case of HM
Treatment for epilepsy – bilateral surgical removal of medial aspects of _________ lobe Surgery caused specific memory problems – could not form new memories
Old memories were retained

A
  • hierarchical

- temporal

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14
Q

-Distributed hierarchical organization of function-
If unique aspects of a behavior reside in different areas of the brain, why don’t we perceive the different aspects of the behavior? _________ problem

A

Binding

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15
Q

_________ -
Multiple brain regions involved in forming
and interpreting images but we perceive a _________ image

A
  • Vision

- single

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16
Q

Vision:

-Conscious and unconscious _________ streams
–Damage to conscious stream
(ventral stream) – cannot see or _________ an object
–No damage to unconscious stream
(dorsal) stream – can reach for an object but
cannot see it

A
  • neural

- recognize

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17
Q

Vision:

-Conscious and unconscious _________ streams
–Damage to conscious stream
(_________ stream) – cannot see or recognize an object
–No damage to unconscious stream
(_________) stream – can reach for an object but
cannot see it

A
  • ventral

- dorsal

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18
Q

-hemispheric lateralization-

Differences in importance of right and left cortical _________ in different _________
Left – speech
Right – spatial skills

A
  • hemispheres

- functions

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19
Q

-hemispheric lateralization-

Differences in importance of right and left cortical hemispheres in different functions
Left – _________
Right – _________ skills

A
  • speech

- spatial

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20
Q

Evolutionary newer (“higher”) brain regions responsible for more complex aspects of a behavior (_________ and _________ lobes)

A
  • cortex

- frontal

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21
Q

the case of HM:

Surgery caused specific memory problems – could not form new memories ( _________ amnesia )

A

anterograde

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22
Q

What is a neuron?

  • Dendrites,
  • _________,
  • axon,
  • _________
A
  • cell body

- axon terminals

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23
Q

What is a neuron?

  • _________
  • cell body
  • _________
  • axon terminals
A
  • Dendrites

- axon

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24
Q

Neural signals:

The cell membrane
– _________ to movement of ions

A

Permeability

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25
Q

Neural signals:

_________ -

  • Depolarization
  • Hyperpolarization
  • Repolarization
A

Action potentials

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26
Q

Neural signals:

Action potentials-

  • _________
  • Hyperpolarization
  • _________
A
  • Depolarization

- Repolarization

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27
Q

-Neurons and Neural Transmission -

Premise - All _________ processes are due to biological processes, particularly the biological processes in the _________ system and the brain

A
  • psychological

- nervous

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28
Q

-Neurons and Neural Transmission-

The building blocks of the nervous system –_________

A

NEURONS

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29
Q

-Neurons and Neural Transmission-

The brain has been estimated to consist of _________ billion neurons

A

85 - 120

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30
Q

-Neurons and Neural Transmission-

Neurons = ___% of the brain’s cells, _________ cells 2 – 10 times the number of neurons

A
  • 10

- glial

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31
Q

-Neurons and Neural Transmission-

Neurons receive, _________, and pass on _________ in the brain

A
  • integrate

- information

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32
Q

-Neurons -

Signals travel from the _________ to the terminal branches of the _________

A
  • dendrites

- axon

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33
Q

-Neurons-

  • Signals are called _________ and consist of a brief change in the electrical _________ of the neuron
  • Travel at 2 – 200 miles/h
A
  • ACTION POTENTIALS

- polarization

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34
Q

-Neurons-

  • Signals are called ACTION POTENTIALS and consist of a brief change in the electrical polarization of the neuron
  • Travel at _________ miles/h
A

2 – 200

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35
Q

-Neurons-

_________ - bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the _________
–The greater the surface area of dendrites the more information they can receive – dendritic spines increase surface area

A
  • DENDRITES

- cell body

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36
Q

-Neurons-

DENDRITES - bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the cell body
–The greater the _________ of dendrites the more information they can receive
– _________ increase surface area

A
  • surface area

- dendritic spines

37
Q

-Neurons-

CELL BODY (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) – contains the nucleus with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
--Conducts metabolic processes to support the survival of the neuron (energy, waste removal etc)
A
  • Soma

- DNA

38
Q

-Neurons-

CELL BODY (Soma) – contains  the nucleus with DNA
--Conducts \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ processes to support the survival of the neuron (energy, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  removal etc)
A
  • metabolic

- waste

39
Q

-Neurons-

_________ - extension of the neuron through which signals are passed – can be very long or very short

  • _________ (start of axon)
  • Axon terminals (teleodendria)
A
  • AXON

- Axon hillock

40
Q

-Neurons-

_________ – glial cells filled with fatty tissue (myelin) that surround the axons of many neurons allowing signals to be rapidly passed down the axon
- _________ - gaps in myelin sheath through which action potentials are transmitted

A
  • MYELIN SHEATH

- NODES of RANVIER

41
Q

-Neurons-

MYELIN SHEATH – glial cells filled with _________ (myelin) that surround the axons of many _________ allowing signals to be rapidly passed down the axon
-NODES of RANVIER - gaps in myelin sheath through which action potentials are transmitted

A
  • fatty tissue

- neurons

42
Q

-Neurons-

MYELIN SHEATH – glial cells filled with fatty tissue (myelin) that surround the axons of many neurons allowing signals to be rapidly passed down the axon
-NODES of RANVIER - gaps in _________ through which action potentials are _________

A
  • myelin sheath

- transmitted

43
Q

3 main types of neurons :

  • _________
  • Interneurons
  • _________
A
  • Sensory neurons

- Motor neurons

44
Q

3 main types of neurons :

  • Sensory neurons
  • _________
  • Motor neurons
A

Interneurons

45
Q

_________ – specialized at one end – very sensitive to stimulation (touch, light, sound)

  • -information from body (sensory receptors) to brain and spinal cord
    • _________ – brings information into a structure (A = admission)
A
  • Sensory neurons

- Afferent

46
Q

Sensory neurons – specialized at one end – very sensitive to _________ (touch, light, sound)

  • -information from _________ (sensory receptors) to brain and spinal cord
  • -Afferent – brings information into a structure (A = admission)
A
  • stimulation

- body

47
Q

Sensory neurons – specialized at one end – very sensitive to stimulation (touch, light, sound)

  • -information from body (sensory receptors) to brain and _________
    • _________ – brings information into a structure (A = admission)
A
  • spinal cord

- Afferent

48
Q

– Afferent – brings information _________ a structure (A = _________ )

A
  • into

- admission

49
Q

_________ – dendrites and axons within same structure

–carry _________ from one neuron to another neuron within the brain or spinal cord

A
  • Interneurons

- messages

50
Q

Interneurons – dendrites and _________ within same structure
–carry messages from one _________ to another _________ within the brain or spinal cord

A
  • axons
  • neuron
  • neuron
51
Q

_________ :

  • output from brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs
  • _________ – carries information away from a structure (E = exit)
A
  • Motor neurons

- Efferent

52
Q

Motor neurons:

  • output from brain and spinal cord to _________ and organs
  • Efferent – carries information _________ from a structure (E = exit)
A
  • muscles

- away

53
Q

-Efferent – carries information away from a structure (E = _________)

A

exit

54
Q

-Neural Signals -

The neuronal _________ controls the passage of substances into and out of _________

A
  • cell membrane

- neurons

55
Q

-Neural Signals-

Cell membrane is selectively _________
Restricts what passes through

A

permeable

56
Q

-Neural Signals-

Cell membrane is a double layer of _________ molecules + _________ molecules

A
  • lipid

- protein

57
Q

-Neural Signals-

Heads of lipid molecules are _________ – water loving

A

hydrophilic

58
Q

-Neural Signals-

Heads of lipid molecules are hydrophilic – water _________

A

loving

59
Q

-Neural Signals-

Tails of lipid molecules are _________ – water aversion

A

hydrophobic

60
Q

-Neural Signals-

Tails of lipid molecules are hydrophobic – water _________

A

aversion

61
Q

-Neural Signals-

Neuron cell membrane is selectively permeable
-Movement of electrically charged atoms or molecules called _________ in and out of the neuron can be _________ controlled

A
  • IONS

- strictly

62
Q

-Neural Signals-

_________ = atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons

A

Ion

63
Q

-Neural Signals-

Ion = atom or molecule that has gained or lost _________

A

electrons

64
Q

-Neural Signals-

Selective _________ to ions = differences in the distribution of ions between the inside and the outside of the _________

A
  • permeability

- neuron

65
Q

-Neural Signals-

Selective permeability to ions = differences in the _________ of ions between the inside and the _________ of the neuron

A
  • distribution

- outside

66
Q

-Neural Signals-

When the neuron is _________ (resting) the ions on the outside are mainly sodium (_________) and chloride (Cl-, negative)

A
  • inactive

- Na+, positive

67
Q

-Neural Signals-

When the neuron is inactive (resting) the ions on the outside are mainly _________ (Na+, positive) and _________ (Cl-, negative)

A
  • sodium

- chloride

68
Q

-Neural Signals-

When the neuron is inactive (resting) the ions on the on _________ are potassium (K+) and negative ions (_________)

A
  • inside

- anions

69
Q

-Neural Signals-

When the neuron is inactive (resting) the ions on the on inside are _________ (K+) and _________ ions (anions)

A
  • potassium

- negative

70
Q

-Neural Signals-

More _________ ions on the inside of the neuron and more _________ ions on the outside of the neuron

A
  • negative

- positive

71
Q

-Neural Signals-

More negative ions on the _________ of the neuron and more positive ions on the _________ of the neuron

A
  • inside

- outside

72
Q

-Neural Signals-

More negative ions on the inside of the neuron and more positive ions on the outside of the neuron
Overall effect is that the _________ of the cell is more negative than the _________ of the cell

A
  • inside

- outside

73
Q

-Neural Signals-

Difference in electrical charge across membrane - the neuron is _________

A

POLARIZED

74
Q

-Neural Signals-

Difference in charge between inside and outside the neuron – voltage = _________

A

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

75
Q

-Neural Signals-

Typical resting potential is ___ mV

A

-70

76
Q

-Action Potentials -

More _________ outside cell, inside cell more negative

A

Na+

77
Q

-Action Potentials-

Concentration and electrical gradient for Na+ to move into cell but movement is _________

A

blocked

78
Q

-Action Potentials-

More ____ inside cell but inside negative

A

K+

79
Q

-Action Potentials-

K+ wants to move out of the neuron along concentration gradient but _________ gradient keeps it in – net effect weak tendency to move _________ of neuron

A
  • electrical

- out

80
Q

-Action Potentials-

When neuron is stimulated through input on _________

  • Membrane potential becomes _________ negative (e.g., - 55 mV)
  • Once threshold potential reached - Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the neuron
  • -Depolarization
A
  • dendrites

- less

81
Q

-Action Potentials-

When neuron is stimulated through input on dendrites

  • Membrane potential becomes less negative (e.g., ___ mV)
  • Once threshold potential reached - Na+ _________ open and Na+ rushes into the neuron
  • -Depolarization
A
  • -55

- channels

82
Q

-Action Potentials-

When neuron is stimulated through input on dendrites

  • Membrane potential becomes less negative (e.g., - 55 mV)
  • Once threshold potential reached - Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes _________ the neuron
    • _________
A
  • into

- Depolarization

83
Q

-Action Potentials-

At peak of _________ (i.e., +40 mV)

  • Na+ channels close, voltage gated K+ channels open
  • K+ floods _________ of neuron so membrane potential becomes more negative
  • -Repolarization
A
  • depolarization

- out

84
Q

-Action Potentials-

At peak of depolarization (i.e., ___ mV)

  • Na+ channels _________, voltage gated K+ channels open
  • K+ floods out of neuron so membrane potential becomes more negative
  • -Repolarization
A
  • +40

- close

85
Q

-Action Potentials-

At peak of depolarization (i.e., +40 mV)

  • Na+ channels close, voltage gated ___ channels open
  • K+ floods out of neuron so membrane potential becomes more _________
  • -Repolarization
A
  • K+

- negative

86
Q

-Action Potentials-

At peak of depolarization (i.e., +40 mV)

  • ____ channels close, voltage gated K+ channels open
  • K+ floods out of neuron so membrane potential becomes more negative
    • _________
A
  • Na+

- Repolarization

87
Q

Difference in charge between _________ and _________ the neuron – _________ = RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

A
  • inside
  • outside
  • voltage
88
Q

Difference in electrical charge across _________ - the neuron is POLARIZED

A

membrane

Neuropsychology 343 (20 decks)

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