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Neuropsychology 343 > Final - Exam (9/13,9/15) - [Exam 1 - Section 2] > Flashcards

Final - Exam (9/13,9/15) - [Exam 1 - Section 2] Flashcards

1
Q

-Action Potentials -

Recovery:
Ions drift away and are pumped away by Na+ K+ pump
- ___ Na+ out / ___ K+ in

A
  • 3

- 2

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2
Q

-Action Potentials-

Recovery:
Ions drift away and are pumped away by Na+ K+ pump
- 3 ___ out / 2 ___ in

A
  • Na+

- K+

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3
Q

-Action Potentials-

Once an action potential is produced it is always the same _________ (all-or-none law)

A

size

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4
Q

-Action Potentials-

As action potential travels down the neuron it stays the same size – can be _________ over long distances

A

conducted

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5
Q

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-Action Potentials-

Refractory periods:

_________ – Na+ channels are open or cannot re-open so neuron cannot fire
Limits how frequently the neuron can fire

A

Absolute

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6
Q

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-Action Potentials-

Refractory periods:

Absolute – Na+ channels are open or cannot re-open so neuron _________ fire
Limits how _________ the neuron can fire

A
  • cannot

- frequently

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7
Q

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-Action Potentials-

Refractory periods:

_________ – only a strong stimulus can make the neuron fire because NA+ channels are re-setting and neuron is hyperpolarized

A

Relative

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8
Q

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-Action Potentials-

Refractory periods:

Relative – only a strong stimulus can make the neuron fire because ____ channels are re-setting and neuron is _________

A
  • NA+

- hyperpolarized

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9
Q

-Saltatory Conduction -

Glial cells produce _________ which wrap around axons

A

myelin sheaths

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10
Q

-Saltatory Conduction-

Ion gates at intervals (1 mm) down the length of the axon - _________

A

NODES OF RANVIER

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11
Q

-Saltatory Conduction-

The speed at which the action potential travels down a myelinated neuron is _________ than unmyelinated neurons because the action potential jumps from _________ – SALTATORY conduction

A
  • faster

- node to node

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12
Q

The speed at which the action potential travels down a myelinated neuron is faster than unmyelinated neurons because the action potential jumps from node to node – _________

A

SALTATORY conduction

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13
Q

Deterioration of the myelin sheath - _________

A

multiple sclerosis

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14
Q

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-Toxins and Anesthetics -

Various toxins block the Na+ K+ pump or the ion channels preventing neurons from firing
-Puffer (fugu) fish toxin blocks ___ channels
Tetrodotoxin (TTX)

A

-Na+

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15
Q

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-Toxins and Anesthetics-

Scorpion venom keeps ___ channels open and closes ___ channels
-Prolonged depolarization

A
  • Na+

- K+

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16
Q

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-Toxins and Anesthetics-

Various toxins block the Na+ K+ _________ or the ion channels preventing neurons from firing
-Poison arrow frogs produce Na+ channel blocker that keeps Na+ channels _________

A
  • pump

- open

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17
Q

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-Toxins and Anesthetics-

Local anesthetics block _________ channels
-blocks action potentials so no _________ messages reach the brain

A
  • sodium

- pain

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18
Q

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-Toxins and Anesthetics-

General anesthetics act by opening _________ channels

A

Potassium (K+)

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19
Q

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-Toxins and Anesthetics-

Mutations in ion channels (_________ ) associated with seizure disorders, deafness, muscle and cardiac diseases

A

channelopathy

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20
Q

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-Toxins and Anesthetics-

Mutations in ion channels (channelopathy) associated with seizure disorders, _________, muscle and _________ diseases

A
  • deafness

- cardiac

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21
Q

There is a small gap (less than a millionth of an inch) between the terminal branches of the neuronal axon and the dendrites of the next neuron - _________

A

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

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22
Q

There is a small gap (less than a millionth of an inch) between the _________ of the neuronal axon and the _________ of the next neuron - SYNAPTIC CLEFT

A
  • terminal branches

- dendrites

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23
Q

The neuron that sends the signal is called the _________ neuron

A

presynaptic

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24
Q

The neuron receiving the signal is called the _________ neuron

A

postsynaptic

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25
Q

An action potential in a neuron causes release of chemicals called _________ from the axon terminals into the synaptic cleft
-exocytosis

A

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

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26
Q

An action potential in a neuron causes release of chemicals called NEUROTRANSMITTERS from the axon terminals into the synaptic cleft
- _________

A

exocytosis

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27
Q

Neurotransmitters are formed in the cell body or axon terminals and packaged in _________

A

vesicles

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28
Q

Neurotransmitters are formed in the _________ or axon terminals and packaged in vesicles

A

cell body

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29
Q

NEUROTRANSMITTERS bind to _________ on the dendrites of the next neuron

A

RECEPTORS

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30
Q

NEUROTRANSMITTERS bind to RECEPTORS on the _________ of the next neuron

31
Q

Receptors are proteins that are embedded in the _________ membrane

A

postsynaptic

32
Q

Receptors are _________ that are embedded in the postsynaptic _________

A
  • proteins

- membrane

33
Q

There are Many different types of receptors

A neurotransmitter can only _________ to its own _________ like a key in a lock

A
  • bind

- receptor

34
Q

Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes _________ or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron

A

-excitation

35
Q

Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes excitation or inhibition of the _________ neuron

A

postsynaptic

36
Q

Neurotransmitter effects must be _________

A

terminated

37
Q

Neurotransmitter effects must be terminated:

Neurotransmitter is taken back into _________ terminals (reuptake) and repackaged into _________ (pinocytosis)

A
  • presynaptic

- vesicles

38
Q

Neurotransmitter effects must be terminated:

Neurotransmitter is taken back into presynaptic terminals (_________) and repackaged into vesicles (_________)

A
  • reuptake

- pinocytosis

39
Q

Neurotransmitter effects must be terminated:
-Neurotransmitter is taken back into presynaptic terminals (reuptake) and repackaged into vesicles (pinocytosis)

  • -Broken down chemically in the _________ and then reabsorbed
  • -Absorbed by _________ cells
A
  • synaptic cleft

- glial

40
Q

Neurotransmitter effects must be terminated:
-Neurotransmitter is taken back into presynaptic terminals (reuptake) and repackaged into vesicles (pinocytosis)

  • -Broken down _________ in the synaptic cleft and then reabsorbed
    • _________ by glial cells
A
  • chemically

- Absorbed

41
Q
  • _________ refractory period: can produce another action potential with additional stimulus
42
Q

-Relative refractory period: _________ produce another action potential with additional _________

A
  • can

- stimulus

43
Q

-Absolute refractory period: _________ produce another action potential until it has made it past this _________

A
  • can not

- stage

44
Q

-Absolute refractory period: _________ produce another action potential until it has made it past this _________

A
  • can not

- stage

45
Q

888888888888
-Types of Neurotransmitters-

Originally thought that there were very few neurotransmitters but now thought to be more than _________

46
Q

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-Types of Neurotransmitters-

  • Many different types of _________
  • Neurons can release more than one _________
A
  • receptors

- neurotransmitter

47
Q

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-Types of Neurotransmitters-

Main types of transmitters
_________ (e.g., glutamate, GABA, glycine)

A

Amino acids

48
Q

888888888888
-Types of Neurotransmitters-

Amino acids:

  • GABA: _________
  • Glutamate: _________
A
  • Inhibitory

- Excitatory

49
Q

888888888888
-Types of Neurotransmitters-

Amino acids:

  • _________ : Inhibitory
  • _________ : Excitatory
A
  • GABA

- Glutamate

50
Q

-Vegas nerve slows the _________

A

heart rate

51
Q

_________ channels open causing release of neurotransmitter to be released

A

Calcium Ion

52
Q

_________ : dilates blood vessel

A

-nitric oxide

53
Q

-nitric oxide: _________ blood vessel

54
Q

-cocaine blocks the _________ of neurotransmitter

55
Q

-amphetamine _________ neurotransmitters release

56
Q

• Mimicking neurotransmitters - _________

57
Q

• _________ neurotransmitters - AGONIST

58
Q

• Blocking receptors – _________

A

ANTAGONIST

59
Q

• _________ receptors – ANTAGONIST

60
Q

888888888888
-effects of neurotransmitters -

Runner’s high is thought to be due to release of a naturally occurring _________ type chemicals in the body – endorphins

61
Q

888888888888
-effects of neurotransmitters-

Runner’s high is thought to be due to release of a naturally occurring morphine type chemicals in the body – _________

A

endorphins

62
Q

888888888888
-effects of neurotransmitters-

Placebo effect is due to the release of _________

A

endorphins

63
Q

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-effects of neurotransmitters-

Acetylcholine – _________

A

Alzheimer’s

64
Q

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-effects of neurotransmitters-

Dopamine – _________

A

Parkinson’s

65
Q

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-effects of neurotransmitters-

NE and serotonin - _________

A

depression

66
Q

888888888888

Drugs and diseases often produce their effects by interfering with specific _________

A

neurotransmitters

67
Q 
888888888888
Botulinum toxin (BOTOX) inhibits the release of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from neurons that innervate muscles
A

acetylcholine

68
Q 
888888888888
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ toxin (BOTOX) inhibits the release of acetylcholine from neurons that innervate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  • Botulinum

- muscles

69
Q

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In large doses botulinum toxin paralyzes _________ causing problems with breathing and death
–Used to treat _________

In small doses:
–Used to decrease wrinkles
Migraine headaches

A
  • muscles

- spasticity

70
Q

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In large doses botulinum toxin paralyzes muscles causing problems with _________ and death
–Used to treat spasticity

In small doses:
–Used to decrease _________
Migraine headaches

A
  • breathing

- wrinkles

71
Q

888888888888
Albert Hoffman (1943) – Sandoz Pharmaceuticals
– _________ growing on grain
–Discovered a substance that causes _________ disturbances

A
  • Fungus

- visual

72
Q

Drugs can alter neurotransmission by:

  • Increasing or decreasing the amount of _________ released
  • Blocking the re-uptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron
  • Mimicking neurotransmitters - _________
  • Blocking receptors – ANTAGONIST
A
  • neurotransmitter

- AGONIST

73
Q

Drugs can alter neurotransmission by:

  • Increasing or decreasing the amount of neurotransmitter released
  • _________ the re-uptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron
  • Mimicking neurotransmitters - AGONIST
  • Blocking receptors – _________
A
  • Blocking

- ANTAGONIST

Neuropsychology 343 (20 decks)

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