Final Exam Part 1 Flashcards
What are the deviations from normal?
Lead to FUNCTIONAL (biochemical) changes or structural (morphologic) changes.
What are the cellular response to injury ?
- Atrophy: Decrease in size
- Hypertrophy : increase in size
- Hyperplasia: increase in numbers
- Metaplasia: Replacement of one cell type with another that can better endure the stress
- Dysplasia: Abnormal differentiation of dividing cells
- Neoplasia: No longer function or appear like original
What is the role to a hygienist?
- History Taking
- Physical examination
- Recognition of deviations from normal
- Informing the dentist of clinical findings
- Documenting findings in patients record
- Referral
What are the 5 characteristics to describe a lesion to colleague?
- Location
- size and shape
- Color
- Description
- Duration
What is a patch?
- Flat nonraised
- Larger than 1cm
- different color and texture
- Examples: melanoplakia, port wine stain and hematoma
What is the difference between a purpura, ecchymoses and petechaie ?
purpura: bruise
Ecchymosses: bruise larger than 1cm
petechiae: pinpoint red spots
Result of subcutaneous extravasation of blood
What is this lesion?
Plaque
Examples are: Keratosis, leukoplakia, lichen planus hairy leukoplakia and linea alba
What are papules?
less than 1 cm
superficial
pedunculated or sessiled
What are the clinical signs of inflammation ?
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Pain
- Loss of function
What are the different types of exudate?
Serous- plasma fluid and proteins (MILD INJURY)
Purulent- WBC and tissue debris (ACUTE inflam and ABSCESS AND FISTULA)
Mucinous: contains lots of mucoys secretions
FIbrinous: Composed of large amounts of fibrin
What are the phases of healing?
Inflammation
Proliferation
Maturation
What is healing by primary vs secondary intention?
- Primary: Small Clot, decreased granulation tissue, less scar tissue.
- Secondary: Large clot, increased granulation tissue, increased scar tissue
What are the systemic manifestations of inflammation?
- Fever
- Leukocytosis
- Lymphadenopathy
- elevated c-reactive protein
What is the immune system?
- Part of the defense system of the body and occurs after the inflammatory response.
- Immune response differes because it is to defend against specific target
- nonproteins gets attacked
What is the difference between leukocytes and lymphocytes?
- Leukocytes: white blood cells
- Lymphocytes: B-cells and T-cells excludes others
Which immunoglobulins is most important to the dental field?
IgA: found in saliva and stears
What are the description for T and B cells?
T-Cells: Matures in thymus and developed by the fetal bone marrow and then spread to other lymph tissues.
B-Cells: These cells can produce antibodies
What are the different types of Hypersentivity reactions?
.
Type I: Examples include asthma and anaphylaxis; Mediated by IgE
Type II - Antibody-Mediated
Seen in blood transfusions; Mediated by IgG and IgM
Type III - Immune Complex-mediated
Plays a role in periodontal disease; E.g. Lupus and Rheumatoid arthritis
Type IV - delayed hypersensitivity
Occurs when T cells respond to antigen presented to them; E.g. TB test, organ rejection (can also play a role in perio)
What lesion is this?
Herpetiform
What are three different types of aphthous ulcers?
(Cell mediated)
Minor- most common
Major- Larger
Herpetiform- Very tiny, multiple
What is this lesion?
- Aphthous ulcer Minor
- Aphthous ulcer Major
- Herpetiform
What are erthema multiforme?
- Severe form of Stevens johnson syndrome
- Triad includes eyes, genital and oral lesions (bulles eye
- Treatment: Corticosteroids
What is lichen planus?
lacey looking lesion
Mostly in middle age women
wickhams striae
What is Hand-schuller christians?
Seen in young children
punched out areas of skull
What is pemphigus vulgaris?
- Nikolsky signs useful in diagnosis
What is strep throat?
- streptococcal pyogenes a. common cause of pharnygitis
- exudate neutrophils in tonsillar regions
- can lead to rheumatic fever or scarlet fever
What is scarlet fever?
- Toxins produced by bacteria damage blood vessels
- deep red rash
- leads to rheumatic fever
What is rheumatic fever?
Scarred heart valves provide a place for bacteria to collect
What are the different types of syphillis?
- Primary- highy infectious
- Secondary
- tertiary- disease enters a latency period
- Congenital syphilis
What does congenital syphilis presents with in children?
- Bilateral notching and screwdriver-shaped incisal edges on the permanent incisors
- Enamel hypoplasia
What are the treatments oral funcal infections?
Nystatin
Fluconazole
Clotrimazole
What is this pictures?
Denture stomatitis
Which virus is known to be linked to oral cancer?
HPV 16
What kind of lesion is this?
Human Papilloma Virus
What kind of lesion is this?
Human Papilloma Virus
Which other disease is connected to Herpes simplex virus?
Varciall-zoster
Epstein-Barr Virus
Cytomegalovirus
What illness does this patient have?
Shingles
What is shingles?
virus remains dormant in nerve ganglion until reactivated
What is epstein-barr virus?
a form of HSV, caused by infectious mono, burkitt lymphoma, hairy leukoplakia and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Transmitted through saliva
What is hand foot and mouth disease?
- Highly contagious, occurs in outbreaks in children 1-5 years old
- low grade fever, nausea and sall vesicles erupt on palms of the hands and feets
What are the opportunistic infections seen in HIV?
Candidasis/Thrush
Periodontitis, NUP
HSV
Herpes zoster
Human Papilloma
Kaposi sarcoma
non-hodgkins lymphoa
What disease is this lesion linked to?
HIV
What is kaposi sarcoma?
- Most common neoplasm
- Angioscarcoma of the endothelium of blood and lymph vessels
- found int he palate, bilaterally responding to the path of the palatine arteries
- cause HSV 8
