Chapter 1 Flashcards
Define pathology
The study of nature of disease such as their:
-causes (etiology)
-development (pathogenesis)
-expressed (pathophysiology)
-outcomes (prognosis).
Define pathogenesis
The developmental process of disease
Describe the causes and
mechanisms of cell injury
and cell death
Cell Injury: Occurs becasue of physical, chemical or biological reasons.
Cell Death: Apoptosis- multicelluar or eukaryotic- singlecelluar
Differentiate between
endogenous and exogenous
causes of disease
Endogenous- internal
Exogenous- external
Cause: because of injury, which occurs on a molecular celluar, tissue or organ level.
Discuss the alterations that
cells undergo as they adjust
to injurious agents
- Atrophy- decrease in size
- Hypertrophy- Increase in size
- Hyperplasia- Increase in numbers
- Metaplasia- Replacement of cell type
- Dysplasia- Abnormal differentiation
- Neoplasia- No longer functions or looks normal
What terms are used when discussing the pathogenesis of a disease?
- Incubation period
- Signs and symptoms
- Exacerbation
- Resolution
- Sequela
- Morbidity
- Morality
- Complications
- Relapse
- Prognosis
Identify and describe the
four (4) steps of the
diagnostic process
S- Subjective: gather PT information
O- Objective: Signs observed by clinician
A- Assessment: Develope differential and determien definitive diagnosis
P- Plan: Treatment provided based on diagnosis.
Identify common
symptoms expressed by
patients related to oral and
maxillofacial disease
in the areas of discomfort,
textural changes, and
functional changes.
- Discomfort- Pain: Dull, shooting, numbness, tingling, burning, itching, rawness, tenderness
- Function- difficulty swallowing, opening, closing, chewing altered bite, taste, bleeding, clenching, grinding, loose teeth and spaces.
- Textural Changes: Dry, rough swellings.
Discuss the role of the
auxiliary in the evaluation
and treatment of oral disease
Assessment Phase
Auxiliary role:
* History Taking
* Physical examination
* Recognition of deviations from normal
* Informaing DMD of findings
* Documentation
* Refereal
Identify common signs
that can be observed as
related to oral and
maxillofacial diseases in
the areas of soft-tissue
changes, hard-tissue changes
(clinical and radiographic)
and
neuromuscular change
Objective Phase
- Observed by palpation, visual and percussion
Soft Tissue:
* Color Consistency
* Size
* Surface texture
Hard Tissue:
* Size
* Number
* Structure
* Radiopaque
* Radiolucent
Neuromuscular changes: Changes within the nervous system
What are abnormality description for lesions?
- Location
- Distribution
- Margin
- Size and Shape
- Direction of growth
What are abnormality description for consistency?
- Soft, Hard/ indurated
- Firm, doughlike
- Fluctant (Fluid, filled)
What are abnormality description for color?
- Red
- Pink
- Salmon
- White
- Blue-black
- Gray
- Brown
- Black
What are abnormality description for surface texture?
- Smooth
- Rough papillary
- Corrugated fissure
- Crusted
- Pseudomembrane
What are abnormality description for radiographic appearance?
- Coalescence- Fused joints
- Diffuse- Not well defined borders
- Multilocular- extends beyond one area, lobes fused to make a lesion
- Radiolucent- dark areas
- Radiopaque- white/light areas
- Root resorption- apex looks shortned or blunted or irregular
- Scalloping around root- extends beyound roots, traumatic cyst goes to PDL
- Unilocular- One compartment well defined
- Well circumscribed- Terms used to discribed lesion well defined clear exact margins
What is a macule?
- Flat
- Less 1cm
- different color
What is a papule?
- Elevated
- Solid
- Superfical
- Any color
- Less than 1cm
- Both sessile and predunculated
What is a plaque?
- Flat top
- Raised
- Solid
- Larger than 1cm
What is a vesicle?
- Clear fluid filled elevation
- Lymph or serum
- In the epidermis
- Less than 1cm
- Ruptures leaving an ulcer or crust
What is a bulla?
- Larger Vescile
What is a ucler?
- Depressed deeper than erosion
- Total loss of epithial layer
What is a erosion?
- Slightly depressed
- Moist
- Denuded surfaces of epithelium
- Also call Abrasions
What is a nodule?
- Raised, Flat or submerge
- Solid with dimension/depth
- Any color
- Less than 1cm
What is a tumor?
- Raised
- Solid with dimension and depth
- Greater than 1cm
What is a cyst?
semi-solid or liquid
What is a pustule?
- Raised
- Filled with purulent exudate/puss
- Less than 1cm
What is a scar?
- increased area of collagen fibers
- In the connect tissue
- follows after healing
- appears white or pale
What is a patch?
- Flat
- greater than 1cm
- Different color
What is a fissure?
- linear crack
- in the epidermis
What is the procedures used to form a differential and definitive diagnosis?
Assessment Phase
What are the strategies to be considered when developing a treatment plan?
Planning phase
- No treatment
- surgical
- pharmacologic agents
- behavioral modification
- Psychiatric therapy
- Referral
What are abnormality description for size?
measurement
Define Disease
- Response to injury resulted in structural or functional.
- Impairment of cell, tissue, organ or systemic function
Define health
- Soundness and vigor/well being
- Celluar or tissue function
- Measured by the level of freeedom from pain or physical disease
- Matter of perception
Structural means?
morphologic
(changes/ lesions)
Functional means?
Biochemical
Petechiae
- Pinpoint red spots
- Usually in groups
Purpura
Bruise of about 1cm or less
Ecchymoses
Bruise greater than 1cm
What are results of extravasted blood?
Petechiae
Purpura
Ecchymoses
What are classified as non-raised or flat lesions?
Macule
Patch
What are classified as denuded lesions?
Ulcer
Erosion
Fissure
What are classified as raised lesions?
Papules
Nodules
Plaque
What are classified as Fluid filled lesions?
Vesicle
Bulla
Pustule
