Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SA DX & TX I > Final Exam - Osteoarthritis > Flashcards

Final Exam - Osteoarthritis Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of adult animals are affected by OA?

A

20% of adult dogs & 60% of adult cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the pathophysiology behind OA?

A

joint abnormalities from overload, instability, developmental abnormalities, or trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are some predisposing factors of OA?

A

obesity, genetics, & age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are examples of chronic overload causing OA?

A

obesity or an animal doing intense exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are some examples of instability causing joint abnormalities leading to OA?

A

cranial cruciate ligament disease & loss of plantar/palmar support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is an example of developmental abnormalities causing joint instability leading to OA?

A

hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are some examples of trauma causing joint instability leading to OA?

A

articular fractures & malunion fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why is obesity a predisposing factor for OA development? what is an example of breeds predisposed to this?

A

increased load on joints, abnormal loads, & chronic pro-inflammatory state leading to cartilage degradation

labs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why is increased age a predisposing factor for OA development?

A

decreased repair mechanisms, decreased cellular activity, & altered physical properties of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how can genetics play a role in being a predisposing factor for OA development?

A

genetic components to many developmental diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the pathogenesis of OA?

A

imbalance of repair & degradation of articular cartilage resulting in a loss of tensile strength, damaged collagen, & increased water content

increase in degradative/inflammatory markers - IL-1B, TNF-A, NO, PGE2, substance P, & MMPs

later will see osteophyte formation in the periosteum at junction of cartilage & bone, synovitis, capsular fibrosis, cartilage erosion - all irreversible changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why is there pain seen with OA?

A

there are nerves present around & in the joint except for the articular cartilage

causes a dull aching pain - inflammatory mediators may sensitive nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the clinical changes an owner may see in their pet with OA?

A

decreased activity, ‘warm out of it’, decreased ROM, muscle atrophy, crepitus, joint effusion, lameness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how can you confirm a diagnosis of OA?

A

radiographs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what radiographic changes are consistent with a diagnosis of OA?

A

joint effusion, osteophyres/enthesiophytes, subchondral sclerosis, intra-articular mineralization, & subchondral cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why is it important to treat the patient & not the radiographs?

A

degree of OA doesn’t correlate with clinical function - could have an extremely painful animal with minimal radiographic changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when may you use a joint fluid analysis for OA?

A

if the joints are excessively painful & there are multiple involved

need to rule out immune-mediated disease & infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the medical management of OA?

A
  1. weight management
  2. medications - symptom & structure modifying
  3. joint supplements - nutraceuticals
  4. exercise modification & rehab
19
Q

how may weight management be used as a treatment plan for OA?

A

prescription diets, low calorie treats, & honest owner assessment

20
Q

what are the adverse effects of NSAIDs when treating OA?

A

gi signs - mild to life-threatening

renal disease

liver toxicity

21
Q

what is your symptom modifying medication of choice for treating OA?

A

NSAIDs - carprofen, meloxicam, previcox, galliprant

22
Q

what are the major take-home points for using NSAIDs when treating OA?

A

give it with food!!!!

educate owners about use & adverse effects

stop meds if you see adverse effects & be prepared with a back up plan

routine monitoring

23
Q

what is the MOA of tramadol?

A

weak mu opioid agonist & serotonin reuptake inhibitor with variable absorption

24
Q

what is the MOA of gabapentin?

A

not entirely known - voltage gated n-type calcium channel ion

25
Q

what is the dosing for gabapentin?

A

10-30mg/kg by mouth every 8 hours - increase slowly

26
Q

what is the MOA of amantadine?

A

NMDA receptor agonist dosed at 3-5 mg/kg every 24 hours

27
Q

why can’t you use acetaminophen in cats?

A

cats are deficient in glucuronyl transferases and are therefore unable to sufficiently glucuronidate acetaminophen - will cause oxidative damage & heinz bodies

will also see severe methemoglobinemia, hematuria, and icterus

28
Q

what is the MOA of acetaminophen?

A

central COX pathway inhibitor

29
Q

what drug is used for structure modifying in dogs with OA? how does it work?

A

adequan - polysulfated glycosaminoglycan

maintains chondrocyte viability & prevents degradation

30
Q

what is the dosing of adequan?

A

4.4mg/kg IM twice weekly for 4 weeks

31
Q

what is the primary joint supplement recommended for treating OA?

A

omega 3 fatty acids - anti-inflammatory properties

32
Q

what are some examples of exercise modification/rehab that can be used for treating OA?

A

low impact, controlled activity - leash walks, underwater treadmill

laser therapy & extracorporeal shock wave therapy

33
Q

what are some subjective ways for assessing outcome in OA patients?

A

veterinarian lameness grading & owner assessment

34
Q

what are some objective ways for assessing outcome in OA patients?

A

muscle mass measuring on a gulick II tape measure & ROM on a goniometer

35
Q

T/F: there is a poor coorelation between subjective scales & force plate measurements

A

true - subjective may be better for severe lameness, and at best, 73% agreement with objective data

subjective data will differ among evaluators

36
Q

what are some signs associated with OA in cats?

A

behavior changes - litter box changes & avoiding jumping

37
Q

what is the treatment for OA in cats?

A

similar to dogs - weight loss & controlled activity

38
Q

what are the recommended medications for treating OA in cats?

A

robenacoxib - onsior, FDA approved for cats

meloxicam

tramadol - increased activity seen in 2mg/kg BID dosing

39
Q

T/F: OA is an irreversible condition often secondary to abnormalities within the joint

A

true

40
Q

what are the 4 pillars of treatment of OA?

A
  1. weight loss
  2. pain meds
  3. joint supplements
  4. exercise modification
41
Q

T/F: OA in cats is easy to diagnose

A

false - difficult to diagnose

42
Q

T/F: surgical intervention is recommended to treat underlying conditions causing OA

A

true

43
Q

what kind of drug is codeine?

A

alkaloid in opium poppy that is metabolized to other active compounds with variable effects

SA DX & TX I (59 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions