Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SA DX & TX I > Exam 4 - Canine Heatstroke > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Canine Heatstroke Flashcards

1
Q

what is heat stress?

A

perceived discomfort & physiological strain associated with exposure in a hot environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is heat exhaustion?

A

mild o moderate illness due to water or salt loss

thirst, weakness, discomfort, anxiety, fainting

core temperature may be normal, low, or slightly elevated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is heat stroke?

A

core body temperature > 105.8 F

central neurologic dysfunction

varying degrees of organ dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 2 types of heat stroke?

A

environmental (classic) - due to high temperatures

exertional - due to strenuous exercise

or combination of both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are some examples of causes of heat stroke?

A

exercise/heat, seizures, pyrexia, eclampsia, amphetamines, metalaldehydes, macademia nuts, organophosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are some risk factors associated with heat stress?

A

intact male, geriatric, brachycephalic, dense/dark hair coat, CV disease, neuro disease, confinement, humidity, furosemide, b-blockers, & phenothiazines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why is acclimatization important in animals? what are some components?

A

gradual adaptation to increasing temperatures

increased CO, activation of RAAS, salt conservation, water conservation, increased GFR, & resistance to rhabdomyolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how long does the acclimatization process take?

A

takes 60 days but starts in 10-20 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the effects of increasing heat on the hypothalamus?

A

temperature increases <2F activates thermoreceptors

renal & splanchnic vessel constriction, cutaneous vasodilation, activation of RAAS, catecholamine release, & activate panting center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why is it important that nearly all cells produce heat shock proteins?

A

it helps stabilize other proteins & cellular integrity

protects against oxidative stress

decreased production with age & genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the acute phase response in regards to the effects of heat in cells?

A

immune & inflammatory response - can be protective or destructive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the difference between humans & animals when it comes to adapting to heat?

A

humans acclimate by increasing the sweat response

animals are more dependent on evaporation - especially when the temp is > 89.6 F - panting increases evaporation from oronasal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: evaporation stops being useful when humidity is > 80%

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the damages seen when an animals temperature hits 105.8? 109.4? 120.2?

A

105.8 - possible permanent CNS damage

109.4 - severe tissue injury

120.2 - tissue necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the shock organ of the dog?

A

gi tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are some clinical signs seen in a dog with heat stroke?

A

CNS depression, petechia, panting, dry MM, absent/rapid CRT, vomiting/diarrhea, variable pulse quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the best way to cool a heat stroke animal off?

A

put a cold t-shirt on them, iv fluid therapy, & put fans on them - stop at 103/104F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are some less effective ways to cool a heat stroke animal off?

A

cold IV fluids, ice water bath, ice water lavage, & ice water enema

19
Q

what is happening inside the body at 106-107F temperatures?

A

endotoxin translocation from the gi tract

apoptosis in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, & gi mucosa

20
Q

what is happening inside the body at 109.4F?

A

uncouples oxidative phosphorylation

proteins denatured

21
Q

what are the cardiovascular effects of heat stroke?

A

initially increased cardiac output - renal & splanchnic vasoconstriction

eventual decompensation - splanchnic vasodilation & cutaneous vasodilation, venous pooling, decreased circulation leads to decreased heat removal

arrhythmias are common

22
Q

what are the coagulation abnormalities seen with heat stroke?

A

coagulation & fibrinolysis are activated by heat - consumption of coagulant & anticoagulant factors with coagulation factors remaining activated even after cooling

direct platelet activation & endothelial damage

eventual widespread thrombosis & hemorrhage

23
Q

what are the mechanisms of the gi effects seen in heat stroke?

A

direct thermal injury & hypoperfusion & microthrombosis

24
Q

what gi side effects are seen with heat stroke?

A

translocation of endotoxin, ileus, vomiting/diarrhea, mucosal sloughing, & protein loss

25
Q

what are the mechanisms of renal effects caused by heat stroke?

A

direct thermal injury, hypoperfusion & microthrombosis, & myoglobin excretion

26
Q

what are the side effects of renal injury caused by heat stroke?

A

AKI - creatinine elevations with 48 hours - need to monitor urine output

27
Q

what can be used as a prognostic indicator or a patient in heatstroke with renal signs?

A

elevated creatinine at 24 hours - poor prognosis

28
Q

what are the side effects of liver injury caused by heat stroke?

A

elevations in liver enzymes are nearly ubiquitous - ALT, AST, ALP

dysfunction - increased total bilirubin, decreased glucose, & decreased cholesterol

29
Q

what are the mechanisms of liver effects caused by heat stroke?

A

direct thermal injury & hypoperfusion & microthrombosis

30
Q

what are the mechanisms of neurologic damage caused by heat stroke?

A

thermal injury to the brain & neurons

cerebral edema

hypoperfusion & microthrombosis

31
Q

T/F: the persistence of neurologic effects is associated with mortality in heat stroke patients

A

true

32
Q

T/F: dog brains are more resistant to heat injury in cases of heat stroke causing neurological signs

A

true

33
Q

what are the mechanisms of pulmonary damage caused by heat stroke?

A

pulmonary edema, aspiration, thermal injury, & microthrombosis leading to respiratory distress

34
Q

what may be seen on hematology of a patient with heat stroke?

A

hemoconcentration, nucleated red blood cells!!!

thrombocytopenia, hypersegmented neutrophils, spherocytes, & ecchinocytes

35
Q

what is the most important marker seen on chemistry of a heat stroke patient? what other abnormalities may be seen?

A

hypoglycemia - may be due to consumption or liver dysfunction, especially if refractory to treatment

elevated CK

azotemia - pre-renal vs renal

elevated liver enzymes - ALP, ALT, AST & possible evidence of dysfunction seen in increased bilirubin & decreased cholesterol

36
Q

what bloodwork testing should be done in a recovering heat stroke patient?

A

CBC at least every other day until normalized & check smears daily for platelets

hepatocellular values every 1-2 days until stabilized

kidney values every 12-24 hours until stabilized

electrolytes every 4-24 hours until stabilized

37
Q

why must you retest your coag panel in a heat stroke patient at 12 & 24 hours?

A

PT & aPTT are often prolonged but it can be a delayed effect

38
Q

what are some negative prognostic indicators of heat stroke?

A

longer duration of exposure, hypothermia/coma upon presentation, hypoglycemia, nucleated RBC, elevated creatinine at 24 hours, abnormal PT & PTT at 12/24 hours, & MOD

39
Q

how do you prevent heat stroke patients from becoming worse?

A

rapid cooling & then maintaining their temperature

maintain organ perfusion - fluid support without over-hydration & potential vasopressor support

frequent monitoring - vital parameters, laboratory values, & mentation/coma scoring

antibiotics

plasma

40
Q

why should you not use alpha-2 agonists in heat stroke patients?

A

they significantly drop CO & elevate PVR without improving perfusion

41
Q

why should you not use NSAIDS in heat stroke patients?

A

not for patients in shock!!! increased risk of AKI

42
Q

why should you not use steroids in heat stroke patients?

A

they don’t improve survival & increase the risk of infection

43
Q

what is the main goal when cooling off a heat stroke patient?

A

maximize evaporative cooling - no ice

44
Q

what is the general prognosis for heat stroke patients?

A

50/50 - prognosis isn’t readily apparent

SA DX & TX I (59 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions