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SA DX & TX I > Exam 2 - Airway Disorders > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Airway Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is the general pathogenesis of the collapse of the trachea & mainstem bronchi?

A

cartilage rings lose rigidity & reduction of glycosaminoglycans & chondroitin sulfate in cartilage rings

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2
Q

what is tracheomalacia?

A

collapse of the trachea

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3
Q

what is tracheobronchomalacia?

A

collapse of the trachea & bronchi

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4
Q

what is bronchomalacia?

A

collapse of the bronchi supported by cartilage

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5
Q

45-83% of dogs with tracheal collapse also have what other condition?

A

bronchomalacia

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6
Q

what animals are typically affected by tracheal collapse?

A

middle-aged toy & small breed dogs

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7
Q

what clinical signs are seen with tracheal collapse?

A

often episodic & progressive in nature

honking cough, stertor if extrathoracic trachea, respiratory distress, & trachea sensitivity on palpation

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8
Q

coughing leads to ______ which leads to ______ creating a vicious cycle

A

airway collapse

inflammation & edema

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9
Q

how is a collapsing trachea diagnosed?

A

inspiratory & expiratory radiographs, fluoroscopy to assess for dynamic collapse, & tracheoscopy (more invasive)

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10
Q

what is considered the gold standard for diagnosing a collapsing trachea?

A

tracheoscopy

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11
Q

how does the trachea fluoresce on fluoroscopy?

A

white

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12
Q

what should you set up for owner expectations in patients with tracheal collapse?

A

irreversible, goal is to manage clinical signs, often is progressive, & their pet will still have flare ups

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13
Q

what medical management of the environment can be used for dogs with tracheal collapse?

A

harness instead of neck leash, optimum body weight, avoid heat stress/intense exercise/excitement

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14
Q

what medical therapy can be used for dogs with tracheal collapse?

A

sedatives, cough suppressants

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15
Q

why use cough suppressants in a dog with a collapsing trachea? how should you dose them?

A

goal is to break the cough cycle & improve the quality of life

frequent dosing for a few days, gradually increase interval between doses

sedation is the most common side effect

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16
Q

why would you use prednisone for a patient with tracheal collapse? how would you dose it?

A

control tracheal or bronchial inflammation - 1mg/kg/day for 1 week & taper them off

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17
Q

T/F: bronchodilators have no effect on larger airways & therefore, won’t be useful in an animal with a collapsing trachea

A

true

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18
Q

what is the emergency management used for a patient with a collapsing trachea?

A

oxygen supplementation, sedatives, & keep the animal cool

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19
Q

what is the purpose of surgery for tracheal collapse?

A

last resort - palliative option used after medical management fails

used to establish a patent airway - but won’t treat the collapsing mainstem bronchi

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20
Q

what is very important in using surgery for a patient with a collapsing trachea?

A

will need to control the cough first & the animal will still require medical management after the procedure

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21
Q

what are some examples of potential complications associated with tracheal stenting?

A

tracheal perforation, stent migration or fracture, & stent collapse

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22
Q

what are some examples of potential complications associated with extraluminal rings?

A

laryngeal paralysis, tracheal necrosis, pneumothorax, & collapse of adjacent airways

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23
Q

what are the components of feline asthma?

A

common, allergic lower airway disease that causes airway inflammation

24
Q

why does bronchospasm occur in feline asthma?

A

hyper-responsiveness & restricted airflow

25
what happens with chronic inflammation in feline asthma?
airway remodeling
26
what is the median age of cats affected by feline asthma?
4-5 years
27
what are the clinical signs of feline asthma?
episodic, may be chronic, cough, tachypnea, & increased respiratory effort on expiration or expiration & inspiration
28
if a cat presents during an asthmatic episode, what may you see clinically?
tachypnea, dyspnea, open-mouth breathing, & sometimes increased expiratory effort
29
why can it be hard to diagnose feline asthma?
animal may present between episodes - have the owner record the cat
30
T/F: feline asthma is often a presumptive diagnosis
true
31
what may be seen on radiographs from a cat with asthma?
bronchial/bronchointerstitial pattern collapse of the right lung lobe from mucus trapping hyperlucent (hyperinflated lungs) flattening of the diaphragm
32
why is airway wash not typically done in cats with suspected asthma?
scoping or wash can induce bronchospasm
33
what additional testing should be run in a cat with suspected asthma?
heartworm testing, r/o lung worms, & CBC to look for eosinophilia
34
what is the emergency management done for cats with feline asthma?
oxygen, consider sedation, bronchodilator (terbutaline IM/IV, albuterol inhaler), & dexamethasone IM/IV
35
what is the chronic management done for cats with feline asthma?
corticosteroids - to reduce inflammation & mucus production avoid methylprednisolone start with oral pred add inhaled fluticasone wean pred over 2-3 weeks
36
how is inhaled corticosteroid therapy used for feline asthma?
shake inhaler & insert into chamber - apply mask over nose & mouth 7-10 breaths
37
why are bronchodilators used for rescue only in asthmatic cats?
they have pro-inflammatory effects which can result in permanent airway damage
38
what is feline chronic bronchitis?
chronic airway inflammation without bronchospasm
39
feline chronic bronchitis is clinically indistinguishable from what other disease in cats?
feline asthma
40
how is feline chronic bronchitis diagnosed?
airway wash characterized by non-degenerate neutrophils
41
what are some differentials for a bronchial pattern on thoracic rads of a dog?
chronic bronchitis, allergic bronchitis, bacterial infection/kennel cough, & pulmonary parasites
42
what cytology is seen with canine chronic bronchitis?
mild, predominantly neutrophilic inflammation
43
T/F: bronchoconstriction is the hallmark of canine chronic bronchitis
false - it is absent
44
what is characteristic of canine chronic bronchitis?
chronic neutrophilic inflammation
45
what dogs are commonly affected by canine chronic bronchitis?
often older adult dogs
46
what are components of disease seen in canine chronic bronchitis?
bronchial wall thickening, excessive mucus production, unknown cause
47
what is the common clinical presentation of a dog with canine chronic bronchitis?
cough > 2 months duration of variable severity, exercise intolerance, may have increased lung sounds or crackles
48
what are the main components of managing canine chronic bronchitis?
chronic management, controlling clinical signs, reducing inflammation, & slow airway remodeling
49
what are some general changes made for managing canine chronic bronchitis?
maintaining a healthy weight, limit activity/excessive barking, & eliminate potential environmental irritants
50
what should be avoided in the environment for an animal with canine chronic bronchitis?
cigarette smoke, wood smoke, wall to wall carpet, scented cleaning products, scented candles, room sprays, essential oil diffusers
51
what medications can be used for management of canine chronic bronchitis?
glucocorticoids - pred & taper by 25% in 2-3 week intervals & maintain at the lowest effective dose cough suppressants - once inflammation is controlled, if the cough is non-productive, & help dog sleep at night
52
what airway changes may be seen in canine chronic bronchitis?
fibrosis, bronchiectasis, pulmonary hypertension, irreversible bronchial dilation, destruction of the walls, & predisposes the animal to recurrent bacterial infections
53
T/F: there is a cure for canine chronic bronchitis
false
54
if there are acute worsening signs in your patient with managed canine chronic bronchitis, what should you consider?
secondary infection - radiographs, airway wash, & empirical antibiotic therapy possibility of new etiology - airway collapse, valvular disease, neoplasia consider short course of pred & then taper
55
what is canine chronic bronchitis?
bronchitis in dogs that is characterized by neutrophilic inflammation, can be a hypersensitivity reaction, may be acute or chronic, & disease can only be managed not cured

SA DX & TX I (59 decks)

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