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SA DX & TX I > Exam 3 - Tumors of the Canine & Feline Mammary Gland > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Tumors of the Canine & Feline Mammary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

how many mammary glands do dogs & cats have?

A

dogs - 5 pairs

cats - 4 pairs

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2
Q

what serves as lymphatic drainage for the mammary glands?

A

axillary lymph nodes & inguinal/sublumbar lymph nodes

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3
Q

T/F: age at the time of spaying has a direct effect on incidence of canine mammary tumors

A

true

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4
Q

incidence of mammary tumors in dogs increases with what?

A

age of the animal

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5
Q

what is the common age of dog that is affected by mammary tumors?

A

10 years

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6
Q

T/F: an intact female dog & a female dog that was spayed after her 2nd estrus have the same risk of developing a malignant mammary tumor

A

true - both 26%

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7
Q

what are some risk factors associated with canine mammary tumors?

A

larger breed dogs

spaniels, poodles, dachshunds

obesity at 1 year of age

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8
Q

what is the rule of 50 for dogs?

A

50% of mammary tumors are malignant

50% of mammary tumors are benign

50% of the malignant tumors will metastasize

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9
Q

most mammary tumors in dogs are what kind?

A

carcinomas

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10
Q

what are some canine mammary tumor types that provide poor histology?

A

sarcomas - hemangiosarcomas, osetosarcoma, fibrosarcoma

inflammatory carcinomas

ductal carcinomas

anaplastic carcinomas

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11
Q

what canine mammary tumor type is associated with edema, bruising, ulceration, and is very painful?

A

inflammatory carcinomas

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12
Q

what is the grading system used for canine mammary tumors?

A

grade 0 - in situ

grade 1 - lesions that invade the stroma but have no vessel invasion

grade 2 - vascular/lymphatic invasion and/or lymph node metastasis

grade 3 - pathologic evidence of distant metastasis

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13
Q

what is tumor grade based on in canine mammary tumors?

A

histologic differentiation

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14
Q

what is the typical patient presentation of mammary masses?

A

> 50% have multiple masses, and 65-70% of them are in glands 4 & 5

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15
Q

what does a benign mammary mass look & feel like?

A

small, well circumscribed, & firm

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16
Q

what does a malignant mammary mass look & feel like?

A

rapid growth, ill-defined, fixated to underlying tissue or skin, often ulcerated

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17
Q

what clinical signs are associated with inflammatory carcinomas?

A

multiple glands are affected, extends down the limbs or up the body wall, edema, erythematous, ulcerated, very painful, & mastitis is often more localized & seen after estrus

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18
Q

what tumor is this?

A

inflammatory carcinoma

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19
Q

what are some components of a good physical exam for a patient presenting with mammary masses?

A

palpate each & every gland, palpate regional lymph nodes, auscult lungs carefully, rectal exam, abdominal palpation

lameness or flat bone pain

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20
Q

what is the gold-standard for diagnosing a malignant mammary tumor? why not FNA?

A

histopathology is the gold standard

FNA can’t always differentiate between benign & malignant but can rule out non-neoplastic disease

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21
Q

what diagnostics & staging should be used in a dog with a mammary mass?

A

chem, cbc, & ua

chest rads

coagulation panel

FNA tumor

histopath

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22
Q

how is staging done in mammary tumors?

A

evaluate local lymph nodes - FNA & ultrasound

evaluate distant metastasis - ultrasound & thoracic radiographs

basic blood work - paraneoplastic syndromes & liver metastasis

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23
Q

when using rads/ct for staging, in regards to tumor size, lymph node metastasis, & distant metastasis, what is the staging of canine mammary cancer?

A

stage I - <3cm, no mets anywhere

stage II - 3-5cm, no mets anywhere

stage III - >5cm, no mets anywhere

stage IV - any size, lymph node mets

stage V - any size, mets or no mets in lymph nodes & distant mets

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24
Q

what are lumpectomies suitable for?

A

<0.5-1 cm masses - not for fixed tumors

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25
Q

what are mammectomies suitable for?

A

tumors >1cm or larger, fixed tumors, tumors centrally located in the gland, & must remove abdominal wall fascia & skin

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26
Q

what are regional mastectomies suitable for?

A

lymphatic connections between 1, 2, & 3

lymphatic connections between 3, 4, & 5

large tumors, tumors on the border of 2 glands, tumors with known poor histology, & multiple masses

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27
Q

T/F: unilateral/bilateral mastectomies are shown to increase survival times in dogs

A

false

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28
Q

what are unilateral/bilateral mastectomies suitable for?

A

multiple masses found throughout the mammary chains

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29
Q

when should lymph node resection be considered in dogs with mammary neoplasia?

A

only remove the axillary if enlarged

inguinal - remove with the 5th gland if enlarged

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30
Q

when is chemotherapy utilized for dogs with mammary neoplasia?

A

doxorubicin, cytoxan, 5-fluorouracil

stage IV/V, dogs with lymphatic invasion, & mitotic index > 9

31
Q

what limits radiation therapy in mammary neoplasia in dogs? what can it be used for?

A

primary location of the cancer is what’s limiting

palliation of bone pain

32
Q

why is OHE listed under therapy for mammary neoplasia in dogs?

A

won’t change the incidence of mammary neoplasia, but it may prevent other diseases, so SPAY FIRST!!

33
Q

what is the median survival time for a mammary tumor < 3cm?

A

22 months

34
Q

what is the median survival time for a mammary tumor 3-5 cm?

A

14 months

35
Q

what is the median survival time for a mammary tumor > 5cm?

A

10 months

36
Q

what is the median survival time of mammary neoplasia if the animal is positive for lymph node metastasis?

A

120 days

37
Q

what is the median survival time of mammary neoplasia if the animal is negative for lymph node metastasis?

A

> 800 days

38
Q

what is the median survival time of mammary neoplasia if the animal is positive for distant metastasis?

A

2-3 months

39
Q

what is the median survival time of inflammatory carcinoma?

A

25 days with palliative care - recur within weeks after surgery

40
Q

what is the 3rd most common tumor in the cat?

A

mammary tumors

41
Q

what cats are predisposed to getting mammary tumors?

A

10-12 year olds, intact females

42
Q

T/F: exogenous hormones increase risk of feline mammary tumors

A

true

43
Q

how does early spaying protect a cat from getting mammary tumors?

A

OHE before 6 months of age - decreases risk by 91%

OHE before 1 year of age - decreases risk by 86%

44
Q

what is the rule of 80 for feline mammary tumors?

A

> 80% are malignant

> 80% will metastasize

sarcomas & inflammatory carcinomas are rare while squamous cell

45
Q

what condition can look like a tumor, occur in young cats after a silent estrus, or occur in any cat after exogenous progestin administration?

A

fibroepithelial hyperplasia

46
Q

what condition is seen in this cat?

A

fibroepithelial hyperplasia

47
Q

what is fibroepithelial hyperplasia?

A

condition that occurs in young cats after a silent estrus 1 or more glands, often bilateral, can become very large, erythematous, ulcerated, & edematous

48
Q

why do an FNA on a suspected feline mammary tumor?

A

rule out mastitis or foreign body first - assume it’s malignant

49
Q

what should be used for diagnostics & staging in feline mammary tumors?

A

cbc, chem, ua

chest rads, abdominal ultrasound

50
Q

when using rads/ct for staging, in regards to tumor size, lymph node metastasis, & distant metastasis, what is the staging of feline mammary cancer?

A

stage I - <2cm, no mets anywhere

stage II - 2-3cm, no mets anywhere

stage III - 0-3cm, regional lymph nodes affected

stage IV - any size, mets or no mets in lymph nodes & distant mets

51
Q

what therapy is recommended for feline mammary cancer?

A

surgery - for invasive tumors with early metastasis

staged unilateral mastectomies regardless of tumor size

OHE may help - good for fibroepithelial hyperplasia

52
Q

why is chemo used for therapy of feline mammary cancer?

A

gross disease - short lived response to doxorubicin +/- cyclophosphamide

microscopic disease - adjuvant to surgery, overall increase in survival time

53
Q

what is the prognosis of mammary tumors in cats?

A

guarded to poor in all cats - tumors can recur with conservative surgery

54
Q

what is the median survival time of a feline mammary tumor that is > 3cm?

A

4-12 months

55
Q

what is the median survival time of a feline mammary tumor that is 2-3 cm?

A

15-24 months

56
Q

what is the median survival time of a feline mammary tumor that is < 3cm?

A

~ 3 years

57
Q

what is the median survival time of feline mammary cancer using a staged bilateral mastectomy?

A

> 900 days

58
Q

what is the median survival time of feline mammary cancer using a unilateral mastectomy?

A

~ 350 days

59
Q

what is the median survival time of feline mammary cancer using a regional mastectomy?

A

> 400 days

60
Q

what are transmissible venereal tumors?

A

naturally occurring horizontally transmitted tumor of dogs that has a worldwide distribution with coital transmission being common

61
Q

where can TVT be located?

A

external genitalia, nasal cavity, oral cavity, subcutaneous tissues, & eyes

62
Q

what is a risk factor of TVT?

A

immunosuppression

63
Q

what is the latency period of TVT?

A

1-2 months

64
Q

what is the suspected origin of TVT?

A

histiocytic origin

65
Q

T/F: up to 17% of TVT can metastasize

A

true

66
Q

how are TVTs transmitted?

A

directly from dog to dog

allograft

cellular mode of transmission - constant karyotype of 59 chromosomes

normal dogs have 78 chromosomes

67
Q

what are the clinical signs of TVT?

A

common in intact sexually active male dogs living in an endemic area

discomfort/bleeding from genitalia

male dogs - glans penis

female dogs - caudal vagina or vestibule

68
Q

how are TVTs staged?

A

local lymph node aspirates

good physical exam - especially of the face

cbc, chem, ua

69
Q

how are TVTs diagnosed?

A

FNA, biopsy

look for round to oval nuclei, abundant pale cytoplasm, 1-2 nuclei, discrete clear vacuoles in cytoplasm

70
Q

what tumor type is seen on this cytology?

A

TVT

71
Q

what tumor is this?

A

TVT

72
Q

what are the treatment options for TVT?

A

chemotherapy

radiation therapy

surgery

73
Q

T/F: benign canine mammary tumors in situ & hyperplastic mammary tissues all have high estrogen receptors & progesterone receptors

A

true - steroid receptors decrease with malignancy

SA DX & TX I (59 decks)

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