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SA DX & TX I > Exam 3 - Reproductive Diseases of Male & Female Companion Animals > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Reproductive Diseases of Male & Female Companion Animals Flashcards

1
Q

when do testes normally descend in the dog & cat?

A

dog: 10-14 days
cats: 2-5 days

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2
Q

after 8 weeks, testes should be present in the scrotum, and after this time, it is unlikely that descent will occur after this. why?

A

inguinal ring is smaller than the testes by 14 weeks & inguinal ring closes at 6 months

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3
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

one or both testicles fail to descend to its normal position

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4
Q

what is the normal descent of the testes?

A

embryonic/fetal location are by the caudal poles of the kidneys - once gonad becomes testes, should descend to the scrotum

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5
Q

what is the cause of cryptorchidism?

A

sex-linked autosomal recessive trait that both males & females carry but only homozygous males are phenotypically abnormal

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6
Q

how is cryptorchidism diagnosed?

A

absence of both testes in the scrotum - gentle manipulation will draw testicles into the scrotum in puppies

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7
Q

where are some common locations for cryptorchid testes?

A

abdomen, inguinal, & pelvic - use ultrasound to help localize

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8
Q

what are the risks associated with cryptorchidism in dogs?

A

neoplasia due to increased temperature of the abdomen

testicular torsion

heritable - can pass along

unilateral cryptorchids are less fertile & bilateral are sterile

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9
Q

what is the treatment for cryptorchidism?

A

surgery - REMOVE THE RETAINED TESTICLE FIRST!!!

if you can’t find the retained testicle, follow the vas deferens

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10
Q

what is balanoposthitis?

A

inflammation of the penis & prepuce

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11
Q

what are the clinical signs of balanoposthitis?

A

preputial/penile discharge, may lick at penis, may see lymphoid follicles

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12
Q

what are the causes associated with balanoposthitis?

A

mild bacterial infections

brucellosis

canine herpesvirus

secondary to trauma, foreign body, & allergy

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13
Q

what is this condition?

A

balanoposthitis

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14
Q

how is balanoposthitis diagnosed?

A

direct visualization, cytology, culture, & check for UTI using cysto

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15
Q

what is vaginitis?

A

inflammation/infection of the vagina

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16
Q

what are some clinical signs associated with vaginitis?

A

mucopurulent vaginal discharge, attractiveness to male dogs, excessive licking at vulva, pollakiuria, & scooting rear end

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17
Q

vaginitis can commonly be mistaken for what other problem?

A

anal gland issues because they may scoot

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18
Q

what are some primary causes of vaginitis?

A

vulva & vagina aren’t sterile - if atypical/gram negative bacteria or resistant bacteria, pseudomonas

brucellosis

canine herpesvirus

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19
Q

what are some secondary causes of vaginitis?

A

conformational defects - recessed vulva or persistent hymen

perivulvar dermatitis - redundant dorsal & lateral vulvar folds, frequently associated with obesity

urine pooling - ectopic ureter, incontinence, or systemic disease such as cushings or diabetes mellitus

foreign body

neoplasia

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20
Q

what is juvenile vaginitis?

A

common condition that resolves during the first estrous cycle that is more of a local tissue reaction than an infection

21
Q

how is vaginitis diagnosed?

A

history/PE, +/- culture & endoscopic exam

herpesvirus testing, brucella canis testing, & check for concurrent UTI

22
Q

how is vaginitis treated?

A

73% resolve regardless of treatment - clean the peri-vulvar area

23
Q

how is persistent, true bacterial vaginitis treated?

A

cautious antibiotics based on culture

24
Q

what are some ways of correcting the underlying problem causing vaginitis?

A

weight loss if obese

vulvoplasty if redundant vulvar folds & recurrent issues

treat incontinence/urinary leakage

25
Q

what is the treatment for juvenile vaginitis?

A

no treatment, resolves after first heat

26
Q

how is idiopathic vaginitis treated?

A

may respond to estrogen therapy

27
Q

what is the pathogenesis of the cystic endometrial hyperplasia complex?

A

cystic dilation of endometrial glands in a response to hormones - cystic ovaries

accumulation of watery to viscid aseptic fluid in the uterine lumen

causes advanced cases of hydrometra or mucometra

28
Q

when is pyometra most likely to occur?

A

post estrus or diestrus

29
Q

what is a pyometra?

A

acute or chronic suppurative bacterial infection of the uterus or accumulation of inflammatory exudate in uterine lumen

30
Q

what causes the cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex?

A

exaggerated response by the uterus to progesterone during diestrus

31
Q

what are some iatrogenic causes of the cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex?

A

estradiol cypionate ‘mismate’ injection

synthetic progestins (megestrol acetate) to prevent estrus

stump pyometra - usually ovarian remnant or granuloma from suture reaction

32
Q

what are some natural causes of the cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex?

A

progesterone promotes accumulation of uterine secretions & stimulates endometrial-hyperplasia

estrogen - produces cervical dilation allowing bacterial to ascend

may be more pronounced with age

33
Q

what are clinical signs of what are some iatrogenic causes of the cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

infertility in breeding animals but there may be no outward clinical signs

34
Q

how is cystic endometrial hyperplasia diagnosed?

A

incidental finding during OHE

hyperechoic round structures in uterus on ultrasound

35
Q

what is seen on this ultrasound?

A

cystic endometrial hyperplasia

36
Q

what is this lesion?

A

cystic endometrial hyperplasia

37
Q

what clinical signs are seen in an open pyometra?

A

cervix is open - usually diestrus 2-10 weeks post-estrus in older animals

prominent vulva

purulent or sanguinopurulent vulvar discharge

may be septic - anorexia, vomiting, dehydration

may be pu/pd if e. coli is producing endotoxins

38
Q

what clinical signs are seen in an closed pyometra?

A

cervix is closed - usually diestrus 2-10 weeks post-estrus in older animals

prominent vulva

no vulvar discharge, but may have abdominal enlargement

may be septic - anorexia, vomiting, dehydration

may be pu/pd if e. coli is producing endotoxins

39
Q

what is this?

A

pyometra

40
Q

how is pyometra diagnosed?

A

history - consider in every intact female, physical exam, labwork, & imaging

41
Q

what lab abnormalities are seen in animals with a pyometra?

A

leukocytosis, variable USG, pyuria/bacteria

42
Q

what can be seen on imaging that is supportive of a pyometra?

A

rads - tubular soft structure in caudoventral abdomen in severe cases

ultrasound - fluid filled structure between the bladder & kidney

43
Q

what is seen on this ultrasound?

A

pyometra

44
Q

what is seen on this rad?

A

pyometra

45
Q

what are some differentials for pyometra?

A

pregnancy & neoplasia

46
Q

what is the treatment for pyometra?

A

emergency OHE to avoid ruptured uterus causing a peritonitis - caution because uterus & vessels are friable

exteriorize the uterus prior to ligation, so if it ruptures, it does so outside of the abdomen

47
Q

after the uterus is removed in a pyometra, what other treatments/diagnostics should be done?

A

fluids, antibiotics

culture uterine discharge after uterus is removed

48
Q

why is medical prostaglandin f2alpha not recommended for pyometra?

A

risk of sepsis & uterine rupture

49
Q

what are 2 differentials for this ultrasound of the uterus/ovaries?

A

pyometra & ovarian cysts

SA DX & TX I (59 decks)

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