Exam 3 - Reproductive Diseases of Male & Female Companion Animals Flashcards
when do testes normally descend in the dog & cat?
dog: 10-14 days
cats: 2-5 days
after 8 weeks, testes should be present in the scrotum, and after this time, it is unlikely that descent will occur after this. why?
inguinal ring is smaller than the testes by 14 weeks & inguinal ring closes at 6 months
what is cryptorchidism?
one or both testicles fail to descend to its normal position
what is the normal descent of the testes?
embryonic/fetal location are by the caudal poles of the kidneys - once gonad becomes testes, should descend to the scrotum
what is the cause of cryptorchidism?
sex-linked autosomal recessive trait that both males & females carry but only homozygous males are phenotypically abnormal
how is cryptorchidism diagnosed?
absence of both testes in the scrotum - gentle manipulation will draw testicles into the scrotum in puppies
where are some common locations for cryptorchid testes?
abdomen, inguinal, & pelvic - use ultrasound to help localize
what are the risks associated with cryptorchidism in dogs?
neoplasia due to increased temperature of the abdomen
testicular torsion
heritable - can pass along
unilateral cryptorchids are less fertile & bilateral are sterile
what is the treatment for cryptorchidism?
surgery - REMOVE THE RETAINED TESTICLE FIRST!!!
if you can’t find the retained testicle, follow the vas deferens
what is balanoposthitis?
inflammation of the penis & prepuce
what are the clinical signs of balanoposthitis?
preputial/penile discharge, may lick at penis, may see lymphoid follicles
what are the causes associated with balanoposthitis?
mild bacterial infections
brucellosis
canine herpesvirus
secondary to trauma, foreign body, & allergy
what is this condition?
balanoposthitis
how is balanoposthitis diagnosed?
direct visualization, cytology, culture, & check for UTI using cysto
what is vaginitis?
inflammation/infection of the vagina
what are some clinical signs associated with vaginitis?
mucopurulent vaginal discharge, attractiveness to male dogs, excessive licking at vulva, pollakiuria, & scooting rear end
vaginitis can commonly be mistaken for what other problem?
anal gland issues because they may scoot
what are some primary causes of vaginitis?
vulva & vagina aren’t sterile - if atypical/gram negative bacteria or resistant bacteria, pseudomonas
brucellosis
canine herpesvirus
what are some secondary causes of vaginitis?
conformational defects - recessed vulva or persistent hymen
perivulvar dermatitis - redundant dorsal & lateral vulvar folds, frequently associated with obesity
urine pooling - ectopic ureter, incontinence, or systemic disease such as cushings or diabetes mellitus
foreign body
neoplasia
what is juvenile vaginitis?
common condition that resolves during the first estrous cycle that is more of a local tissue reaction than an infection
how is vaginitis diagnosed?
history/PE, +/- culture & endoscopic exam
herpesvirus testing, brucella canis testing, & check for concurrent UTI
how is vaginitis treated?
73% resolve regardless of treatment - clean the peri-vulvar area
how is persistent, true bacterial vaginitis treated?
cautious antibiotics based on culture
what are some ways of correcting the underlying problem causing vaginitis?
weight loss if obese
vulvoplasty if redundant vulvar folds & recurrent issues
treat incontinence/urinary leakage
what is the treatment for juvenile vaginitis?
no treatment, resolves after first heat
how is idiopathic vaginitis treated?
may respond to estrogen therapy
what is the pathogenesis of the cystic endometrial hyperplasia complex?
cystic dilation of endometrial glands in a response to hormones - cystic ovaries
accumulation of watery to viscid aseptic fluid in the uterine lumen
causes advanced cases of hydrometra or mucometra
when is pyometra most likely to occur?
post estrus or diestrus
what is a pyometra?
acute or chronic suppurative bacterial infection of the uterus or accumulation of inflammatory exudate in uterine lumen
what causes the cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex?
exaggerated response by the uterus to progesterone during diestrus
what are some iatrogenic causes of the cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex?
estradiol cypionate ‘mismate’ injection
synthetic progestins (megestrol acetate) to prevent estrus
stump pyometra - usually ovarian remnant or granuloma from suture reaction
what are some natural causes of the cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex?
progesterone promotes accumulation of uterine secretions & stimulates endometrial-hyperplasia
estrogen - produces cervical dilation allowing bacterial to ascend
may be more pronounced with age
what are clinical signs of what are some iatrogenic causes of the cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
infertility in breeding animals but there may be no outward clinical signs
how is cystic endometrial hyperplasia diagnosed?
incidental finding during OHE
hyperechoic round structures in uterus on ultrasound
what is seen on this ultrasound?
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
what is this lesion?
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
what clinical signs are seen in an open pyometra?
cervix is open - usually diestrus 2-10 weeks post-estrus in older animals
prominent vulva
purulent or sanguinopurulent vulvar discharge
may be septic - anorexia, vomiting, dehydration
may be pu/pd if e. coli is producing endotoxins
what clinical signs are seen in an closed pyometra?
cervix is closed - usually diestrus 2-10 weeks post-estrus in older animals
prominent vulva
no vulvar discharge, but may have abdominal enlargement
may be septic - anorexia, vomiting, dehydration
may be pu/pd if e. coli is producing endotoxins
what is this?
pyometra
how is pyometra diagnosed?
history - consider in every intact female, physical exam, labwork, & imaging
what lab abnormalities are seen in animals with a pyometra?
leukocytosis, variable USG, pyuria/bacteria
what can be seen on imaging that is supportive of a pyometra?
rads - tubular soft structure in caudoventral abdomen in severe cases
ultrasound - fluid filled structure between the bladder & kidney
what is seen on this ultrasound?
pyometra
what is seen on this rad?
pyometra
what are some differentials for pyometra?
pregnancy & neoplasia
what is the treatment for pyometra?
emergency OHE to avoid ruptured uterus causing a peritonitis - caution because uterus & vessels are friable
exteriorize the uterus prior to ligation, so if it ruptures, it does so outside of the abdomen
after the uterus is removed in a pyometra, what other treatments/diagnostics should be done?
fluids, antibiotics
culture uterine discharge after uterus is removed
why is medical prostaglandin f2alpha not recommended for pyometra?
risk of sepsis & uterine rupture
what are 2 differentials for this ultrasound of the uterus/ovaries?
pyometra & ovarian cysts
