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SA DX & TX I > Exam 2 - Generalized Neuromuscular Disease > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Generalized Neuromuscular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 classifications used for neuromuscular disease?

A
  1. neuropathies
  2. junctionopathies
  3. myopathies
  4. neuromyopathies
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2
Q

in an animal with neuromuscular disease, will they be ataxic? paretic?

A

animal will have paresis/paralysis

NO ATAXIA

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3
Q

T/F: motor neuron/neuromuscular disease should not affect proprioception

A

true

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4
Q

to adequately see appropriate postural reactions in a patient with neuromuscular disease, you must what?

A

support the patient

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5
Q

what clinical signs may be seen with muscular weakness of the pharynx, larynx, & esophagus in animals with neuromuscular disease?

A

dysphagia, dysphonia, megaesophagus, regurgitation, & weak gag reflex

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6
Q

how do neurons die?

A

compression, ischemia, systemic metabolic disease, neuron-specific metabolic disease, infection, & toxicity

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7
Q

what is neurapraxia? what are some examples?

A

reversible damage to the nerve & sheath

compression, stretch, & mild ischemia

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8
Q

what is axonotomesis? what is the period of regrowth?

A

axonal degeneration with preserved sheath - regrowth at 1-2mm/day

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9
Q

what is neurotomesis?

A

irreversible damage to the nerve & sheath

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10
Q

what are the components of wallerian degeneration?

A

axonal degeneration, myelinolysis, phagocytosis, schwann cell proliferation, & axonal sprouting

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11
Q

what process is represented on this histopathology sample?

A

demyelination

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12
Q

how does neurotransmission fail at the presynaptic neuron?

A

disruption of vesicle docking or insufficient Ca

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13
Q

how does neurotransmission fail at the synaptic cleft?

A

altered ACh degeneration

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14
Q

how does neurotransmission fail at the postsynaptic neuron?

A

receptor damage, channel inactivation, & excitation-contraction decoupling

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15
Q

what is an example of a neuromuscular disease that causes failure at the presynaptic neuron?

A

botulism

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16
Q

what are examples of categories of how muscles get injured under inflammatory causes?

A

infectious or immune-mediated

17
Q

what are examples of categories of how muscles get injured under non-inflammatory causes?

A

systemic metabolic disease, myofiber-specific metabolic disease, toxins, & ischemia

18
Q

T/F: diffuse neuromuscular diseases can all look alike

A

true

19
Q

how are neuromuscular diseases diagnosed?

A

diagnosis of exclusion

20
Q

T/F: animals with diffuse LMN disease are weak & have decreased reflexes

A

true

21
Q

what is a type I myofiber type?

A

oxidative & slow

22
Q

what is a type II myofiber? type IIM?

A

type II - glycolytic & fast

type IIM - only in the first brachial arch going to the muscles of mastication (which certain diseases will take out)

23
Q

what is mentation like in animals with neuromuscular disease?

A

usually unaffected, but systemic or multifocal disease may alter consciousness

24
Q

what are the big differentials in a dog that is ‘bunny-hopping’?

A

hip dysplasia/orthopedic disease vs. neuromuscular disease

25
Q

what common clinical signs associated with gait are seen in animals with neuromuscular disease?

A

short-strided in all limbs (bunny hop), lameness, reluctance to walk & frequent sitting (more pronounced with exercise), & may collapse on one or more limbs when walking

26
Q

what common clinical signs associated with posture are seen in animals with neuromuscular disease?

A

limbs kept under trunk, distal joints may show excessive flexion/extension, trembling, & cervical ventroflexion in cats

27
Q

when localizing a lesion in neuromuscular disease, what is interpreted as far as clinical signs?

A

absence of signs of intracranial disease

absence of or minimal ataxia or postural reaction deficits

presence of - hyporeflexia, hypotonia, atrophy, & functional deficits attributable to weakness

28
Q

what makes up a LMN?

A

cell body within the CNS

axon within the PNS

29
Q

what is the structure of a spinal nerve?

A

dorsal & ventral branches with dorsal & ventral roots

30
Q

what is the order of events at the neuromuscular junction?

A

nerve impulse travels down the presynaptic neuron & enters through voltage gated calcium channels which trigger the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

neurotransmitters bind to ligand gated channels on the post-synaptic neuron which create a post-synaptic potential and a nerve impulse

31
Q

if there is a lesion at C1-C5, what can you expect to see?

A

thoracic & pelvic limb hyperextension

32
Q

if there is a lesion at C6-T2, what can you expect to see?

A

thoracic limb hypoextension & pelvic limb hyperextension

33
Q

if there is suspected neuromuscular disease affecting all limbs, what can you expect to see?

A

hypoextension in both thoracic & pelvic limbs

SA DX & TX I (59 decks)

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