Final Exam Notecards Flashcards by Anna Hoaglund

What is fertilization

occurs when a sperm and and oocyte combine and their nuclei fuse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A zygote contains what

all genetic material needed to form a human - half form mom and half from dad

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the acidity of the vagina

approximately 3.8pH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the first things sperm must overcome

Acidity of Vagina and thick Cervial mucus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens to the sperm that pass the acidity of the vagina and thick cervical mucus

They can be destroyed by Phagocytic uterine leukocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the most typical place for sperm to meet oocyte

Uterine tubes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How long is the journey of a sperm

30 minutes- 2 hours

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How long can sperm survive

3-5 days

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How long can an oocyte survive independently following ovulation

24 hours

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False

Intercourse more than a day after fertilization will usually not result in fertilization

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is capacitation/ priming

When fluids in the female reproductive tract prepare sperm for fertilization

Fluids

improve the motility of the spermatozoa
deplete cholesterol molecules embedded in the membrane of the head of the sperm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does depleting the cholesterol molecules in the membrane of the head of the sperm do to help fertilization

It thins the membrane to that it will help facilitate the release od lysosomal enzymes needed for the sperm to penetrate the oocytes exterior once contact is made

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where does fertilization occur

In distal uterine tube - because oocyte cannot survive 72 hour journey to the uterus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Corona Radiata

The outer layer of an oocyte - outer layer of follicular (granulosa) cells that form around a developing oocyte in ovary and remain with it upon ovulation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Zona Pellucida

A transparent bu thick glycoprotein membrane that surrounds the oocyte cells plasma membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is acrosomal reaction

A process that is initiated when sperm bind to receptors in the zona pellucida - in which the enzyme-filled “cap” of the sperm, called the acrosome, releases its stored digestive enzymes. These enzymes clear a path through the zona pellucida that allows sperm to reach the oocyte.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How do sperm penetrate the corona radiata?

Some sperm undergo a spontaneous acrosomal reaction, which is an acrosomal reaction not triggered by contact with the zona pellucida. The digestive enzymes released by this reaction digest the extracellular matrix of the corona radiata.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False

The first sperm to reach the oocyte is the one to fertilize it?

False
hundreds of sperm cells must undergo the acrosomal reaction, each helping to degrade the corona radiata and zona pellucida until a path is created to allow one sperm to contact and fuse with the plasma membrane of the oocyte.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is penetration by two sperm called

Polyspermy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two mechanisms deployed by oocyte to prevent polyspermy?

Fast Block - involves a near instantaneous change in sodium ion permeability upon binding of the first sperm, depolarizing the oocyte plasma membrane and preventing the fusion of additional sperm cells. The fast block sets in almost immediately and lasts for about a minute, during which time an influx of calcium ions following sperm penetration triggers the second mechanism
The Slow Block aka crotical reaction - cortical granules sitting immediately below the oocyte plasma membrane fuse with the membrane and release zonal inhibiting proteins and mucopolysaccharides into the space between the plasma membrane and the zona pellucida. Zonal inhibiting proteins cause the release of any other attached sperm and destroy the oocyte’s sperm receptors, thus preventing any more sperm from binding. The mucopolysaccharides then coat the nascent zygote in an impenetrable barrier that, together with hardened zona pellucida, is called a fertilization membrane.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False

At time of fertilization has the oocyte completed meiosis?

False
all secondary oocytes remain arrested in metaphase of meiosis 2 until fertilization - Only upon fertilization does the oocyte complete meioses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the two haploid nuclei derived from the sperm and oocyte and contained within the egg are referred to as

Pronuclei

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What percent of ovulation cycles release 2 eggs resulting in dizygotic twins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Faternal twins are known as

Dizygotic twins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are identical twins also known as

Monozygotic twins

When does split of zygote typically happen for monozygotic twins

most commonly during blastocyst stage and then they share a placenta and a chorionic cavity

What is the ideal ratio of eggs to sperm for IVF

75000 sperm to 1 egg

What is Intracytoplasmic sperm Injection

When sperm is injected into egg because the sperm is non-motile or incapable of binding to zona pellucida

During IVF when are eggs incubated till

The eight cell stage or blastocyst stage

What is the rate of success for IVF

more that 40% of women under 35 little over 10% for women over 40

Umbilical Vein What is function What is the structure after birth

Function: Carries nutrients from placenta to fetus Adult System: Ligamentum Teres

Ductus Venosus What is function What is the structure after birth

Function: Branch from umbilical vein. Allows blood to bypass fetal liver and flow directly into inferior vena cava Adult System: Ligamentum Venosum

Foramen Ovale What is function What is the structure after birth

Function: Hole in septum between right and left atria. Allows blood to bypass pulmonary route (lungs). About 1/3 of blood in right atrium is sent to left atrium and then out to systematic circulation Adult Structure: Fossa ovalis

Ductus Arteriosus What is function What is the structure after birth

Function: Small vessel that connects pulmonary trunk with aorta. Allows most blood from pulmonary trunk to bypass lungs and go directly into systemic circulation Adult Structure: Ligamentum arteriosum

Umbilical Arteries What is function What is the structure after birth

Brand from fetal iliac arteries. Carry oxygen poor, waste rich blood from fetus to placenta

What is gestations

The period of time required for full development for a fetus in utero

What is the pre-embryonic stage

first 2 weeks of prenatal development

When is a baby called an embryo

weeks 3-8

When does a baby become a fetus

Week 9 until birth

What is the coceptus

A zygote and its associated membranes

How many mitotic cell divisions happen while a zygote journeys to the uterus?

5-6 | known as cleavages

What is a blastomere

each daughter cell produced by cleavage

What is the name of the 16 cell conceptus that reaches the uterus about 3 days after fertilization?

A morula

Where does a bastocyst usually implant

On the fundus of the uterus- posterior wall

What is acrosomal reactions

release of digestive enzymes by sperm that enables them to burrow through the corona radiata and penetrate the zona pellucida of an oocyte prior to fertilization

What is a blastocoel

fluid-filled cavity of the blastocyst

term for the conceptus at the developmental stage that consists of about 100 cells shaped into an inner cell mass that is fated to become the embryo and an outer trophoblast that is fated to become the associated fetal membranes and placenta

blastocyst

membrane that develops from the syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and mesoderm; surrounds the embryo and forms the fetal portion of the placenta through the chorionic villi

chorion

precursor to the chorion; forms from extra-embryonic mesoderm cells

chorionic membrane

projections of the chorionic membrane that burrow into the endometrium and develop into the placenta

chorionic villi

process by which an embryo develops from a flat disc of cells to a three-dimensional shape resembling a cylinder

embryonic folding

primary germ layer that goes on to form the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, and lungs

endoderm

process by which a blastocyst embeds itself in the uterine endometrium

implantation

cluster of cells within the blastocyst that is fated to become the embryo

inner cell mass

fluid-filled shell of squamous cells destined to become the chorionic villi, placenta, and associated fetal membranes

trophoblast

organ that forms during pregnancy to nourish the developing fetus; also regulates waste and gas exchange between mother and fetus

placenta

What percent of blastocytes fail to implant

50-75 percent

superficial cells of the trophoblast that fuse to form a multinucleated body that digests endometrial cells to firmly secure the blastocyst to the uterine wall

syncytiotrophoblast

hormone that directs the corpus luteum to survive, enlarge, and continue producing progesterone and estrogen to suppress menses and secure an environment suitable for the developing embryo

human chorionic gonadotropin

What is the horomone that gets a positive test result on at home urine test

human chorionic gonadotropin

low placement of fetus within uterus causes placenta to partially or completely cover the opening of the cervix as it grows

placenta previa.

What types of ectopic pregnancys are there

tubal - in uterine tubes ovarian- in ovaries abdominal ectopic - in abdomen

What is Methotextrate

Cytotoxic drug used to inhibit metabolism of folic acid and end a uterine tube pregnancy

What week of development do the cells within the blastocyst start to organize into layers?

Week 2

cavity that opens up between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast; develops into amnion

amniotic cavity

transparent membranous sac that encloses the developing fetus and fills with amniotic fluid forms by end of week 2

Amnion

When do kidneys of fetus begin to function?

Week 8

membrane associated with primitive circulation to the developing embryo; source of the first blood cells and germ cells and contributes to the umbilical cord structure

yolk sac

What does the endoderm become

Digestive system Liver Pancreas Lungs

What does the mesoderm become

Circulatory system Lungs Skeletal system Muscular system

What does the ectoderm become

Hair Nails Skin Nervous System

When is the placenta fully developed

weeks 14-16

When do fetal limb movements begin

during 6th week

What week are facial structures more complex

Week 7

By end of embryonic period how big is the embryo

3cm - 1.2in | and weights 8g

What percent of calcium and phosphate that enters the body is incorporated into bones and teeth

90%

Which ions require multiple urine samples over a 24 hour period of time

Calcium and phosphate

What ion is not excreted in urine?

Bicarbonate

What is hyponatremia

lower than normal concentration of sodium - usually associated with excess water in the body

What is Hyperatremia

an abnormal increase in blood sodium

What helps estabilish the resting membrane potential in neurons and muscle fibers after membrane depolarization and action potentials

Potassium

What is Hypokalemia

Abnormally low potassium blood level

What is Hyperkalemia

elevated potassium level

What is hypochloremia

lower the normal blood chloride levels - can occur because of renal tubular absorbtion

Hyperchloremia

Higher than normal blood chloride levels

What is the second most abundant anion in blood

Bicarbonate

What is the principle function of bicarbonate

To maintain body's acid - base balance by being part of buffer systesm

How much of C02 in body is converted into Bicarbonate

90%

Where is carbon dioxide converted into bicarbonate

Cytoplasm of red blood cells

What is Hypocalcemia

abnormally low calcium blood levels seen in hypoparathyrodism

What is Hypercalcemia

Abnormally high calcium blood levels

If Co2 goes up and H goes up then what happens to Ph

Ph goes down

If Co 2 and H go down what happens to Ph

Ph goes up

If you're breathing out more air "hyperventilation" what happens to Co2, H and Ph

Co2 goes down H goes down Ph goes Up

If you're breathing out less what happens to CO2, H and Ph

Co2 goes up H goes up pH goes down

How many vessels in the umbilical cord

3 1 umbilical vein 2 umbilical arteries

What are portal systems

utilize 2 capillary systems

What are 2 examples of portal systems

1. Efferent arterioles | 2. Hepatitic Portal Vein

The 2 portal networks are where in the efferent ateriole

1st capellaries in glomerulus 2 cappillary in nephron

What breaks down glycogen to turn into gluclose in the liver

Glucagon

What are the 3 steps of Gluclose metabolism

1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain

Where does the Electron Transport Chain Happen

Mitochondria

Where does Glycolysis occur

Cytosol

Describe Glycolysis

1 molecule of Gluclose is broken down into Pyruvic Acid ( can occur w/ or w..o oxygen) Results in 2 ATP 2 NADH

Before Step 2 (Kreb Cycle) what happens to Pyruvic Acid

Oxygen must be present and the Pyruvic Acid is converted into AceCoA results in 2 CO2 2 NADH

If no oxygen present what happens to Pyruvic Acid

turns into Lactic Acid

Before Step 2 Kreb Cycle how many ATP, C02, & NADH are present

2 ATP 4 NADH 2 CO2

What are the products of the Kreb Cycle

4 ATP 6 CO2 10 NADH

What happens to the NADH during the Electron Transport Chain

enter a series of reactions in the mitochondria that produces 34 ATP and 2 H2O molecules

By the end of the Electron Transport Chain how many ATP, CO2, NADH, AND H2O are present

38 ATP 6 CO2 0 NADH 2 H2O

Are Ketones Acids?

True they are produced from Fatty Acids converting into AceCoA

Whne Nitrogen is removed from Amino Acids what does it become

Urea