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Advanced Anatomy > Final Exam Notecards > Flashcards

Final Exam Notecards Flashcards

1
Q

What is fertilization

A

occurs when a sperm and and oocyte combine and their nuclei fuse

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2
Q

A zygote contains what

A

all genetic material needed to form a human - half form mom and half from dad

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3
Q

What is the acidity of the vagina

A

approximately 3.8pH

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4
Q

What are the first things sperm must overcome

A

Acidity of Vagina and thick Cervial mucus

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5
Q

What happens to the sperm that pass the acidity of the vagina and thick cervical mucus

A

They can be destroyed by Phagocytic uterine leukocytes

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6
Q

What is the most typical place for sperm to meet oocyte

A

Uterine tubes

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7
Q

How long is the journey of a sperm

A

30 minutes- 2 hours

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8
Q

How long can sperm survive

A

3-5 days

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9
Q

How long can an oocyte survive independently following ovulation

A

24 hours

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10
Q

True or False

Intercourse more than a day after fertilization will usually not result in fertilization

A

True

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11
Q

What is capacitation/ priming

A

When fluids in the female reproductive tract prepare sperm for fertilization

Fluids

  • improve the motility of the spermatozoa
  • deplete cholesterol molecules embedded in the membrane of the head of the sperm
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12
Q

What does depleting the cholesterol molecules in the membrane of the head of the sperm do to help fertilization

A

It thins the membrane to that it will help facilitate the release od lysosomal enzymes needed for the sperm to penetrate the oocytes exterior once contact is made

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13
Q

Where does fertilization occur

A

In distal uterine tube - because oocyte cannot survive 72 hour journey to the uterus

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14
Q

What is the Corona Radiata

A

The outer layer of an oocyte - outer layer of follicular (granulosa) cells that form around a developing oocyte in ovary and remain with it upon ovulation

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15
Q

What is the Zona Pellucida

A

A transparent bu thick glycoprotein membrane that surrounds the oocyte cells plasma membrane

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16
Q

What is acrosomal reaction

A

A process that is initiated when sperm bind to receptors in the zona pellucida - in which the enzyme-filled “cap” of the sperm, called the acrosome, releases its stored digestive enzymes. These enzymes clear a path through the zona pellucida that allows sperm to reach the oocyte.

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17
Q

How do sperm penetrate the corona radiata?

A

Some sperm undergo a spontaneous acrosomal reaction, which is an acrosomal reaction not triggered by contact with the zona pellucida. The digestive enzymes released by this reaction digest the extracellular matrix of the corona radiata.

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18
Q

True or False

The first sperm to reach the oocyte is the one to fertilize it?

A

False
hundreds of sperm cells must undergo the acrosomal reaction, each helping to degrade the corona radiata and zona pellucida until a path is created to allow one sperm to contact and fuse with the plasma membrane of the oocyte.

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19
Q

What is penetration by two sperm called

A

Polyspermy

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20
Q

What are the two mechanisms deployed by oocyte to prevent polyspermy?

A
  1. Fast Block - involves a near instantaneous change in sodium ion permeability upon binding of the first sperm, depolarizing the oocyte plasma membrane and preventing the fusion of additional sperm cells. The fast block sets in almost immediately and lasts for about a minute, during which time an influx of calcium ions following sperm penetration triggers the second mechanism
  2. The Slow Block aka crotical reaction - cortical granules sitting immediately below the oocyte plasma membrane fuse with the membrane and release zonal inhibiting proteins and mucopolysaccharides into the space between the plasma membrane and the zona pellucida. Zonal inhibiting proteins cause the release of any other attached sperm and destroy the oocyte’s sperm receptors, thus preventing any more sperm from binding. The mucopolysaccharides then coat the nascent zygote in an impenetrable barrier that, together with hardened zona pellucida, is called a fertilization membrane.
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21
Q

True or False

At time of fertilization has the oocyte completed meiosis?

A

False
all secondary oocytes remain arrested in metaphase of meiosis 2 until fertilization - Only upon fertilization does the oocyte complete meioses

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22
Q

What is the two haploid nuclei derived from the sperm and oocyte and contained within the egg are referred to as

A

Pronuclei

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23
Q

What percent of ovulation cycles release 2 eggs resulting in dizygotic twins

A

1%

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24
Q

Faternal twins are known as

A

Dizygotic twins

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25
Q

What are identical twins also known as

A

Monozygotic twins

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26
Q

When does split of zygote typically happen for monozygotic twins

A

most commonly during blastocyst stage and then they share a placenta and a chorionic cavity

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27
Q

What is the ideal ratio of eggs to sperm for IVF

A

75000 sperm to 1 egg

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28
Q

What is Intracytoplasmic sperm Injection

A

When sperm is injected into egg because the sperm is non-motile or incapable of binding to zona pellucida

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29
Q

During IVF when are eggs incubated till

A

The eight cell stage or blastocyst stage

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30
Q

What is the rate of success for IVF

A

more that 40% of women under 35

little over 10% for women over 40

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31
Q

Umbilical Vein
What is function
What is the structure after birth

A

Function: Carries nutrients from placenta to fetus

Adult System: Ligamentum Teres

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32
Q

Ductus Venosus
What is function
What is the structure after birth

A

Function: Branch from umbilical vein. Allows blood to bypass fetal liver and flow directly into inferior vena cava

Adult System: Ligamentum Venosum

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33
Q

Foramen Ovale
What is function
What is the structure after birth

A

Function: Hole in septum between right and left atria. Allows blood to bypass pulmonary route (lungs). About 1/3 of blood in right atrium is sent to left atrium and then out to systematic circulation

Adult Structure: Fossa ovalis

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34
Q

Ductus Arteriosus
What is function
What is the structure after birth

A

Function: Small vessel that connects pulmonary trunk with aorta. Allows most blood from pulmonary trunk to bypass lungs and go directly into systemic circulation

Adult Structure: Ligamentum arteriosum

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35
Q

Umbilical Arteries
What is function
What is the structure after birth

A

Brand from fetal iliac arteries. Carry oxygen poor, waste rich blood from fetus to placenta

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36
Q

What is gestations

A

The period of time required for full development for a fetus in utero

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37
Q

What is the pre-embryonic stage

A

first 2 weeks of prenatal development

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38
Q

When is a baby called an embryo

A

weeks 3-8

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39
Q

When does a baby become a fetus

A

Week 9 until birth

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40
Q

What is the coceptus

A

A zygote and its associated membranes

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41
Q

How many mitotic cell divisions happen while a zygote journeys to the uterus?

A

5-6

known as cleavages

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42
Q

What is a blastomere

A

each daughter cell produced by cleavage

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43
Q

What is the name of the 16 cell conceptus that reaches the uterus about 3 days after fertilization?

A

A morula

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44
Q

Where does a bastocyst usually implant

A

On the fundus of the uterus- posterior wall

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45
Q

What is acrosomal reactions

A

release of digestive enzymes by sperm that enables them to burrow through the corona radiata and penetrate the zona pellucida of an oocyte prior to fertilization

46
Q

What is a blastocoel

A

fluid-filled cavity of the blastocyst

47
Q

term for the conceptus at the developmental stage that consists of about 100 cells shaped into an inner cell mass that is fated to become the embryo and an outer trophoblast that is fated to become the associated fetal membranes and placenta

A

blastocyst

48
Q

membrane that develops from the syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and mesoderm; surrounds the embryo and forms the fetal portion of the placenta through the chorionic villi

A

chorion

49
Q

precursor to the chorion; forms from extra-embryonic mesoderm cells

A

chorionic membrane

50
Q

projections of the chorionic membrane that burrow into the endometrium and develop into the placenta

A

chorionic villi

51
Q

process by which an embryo develops from a flat disc of cells to a three-dimensional shape resembling a cylinder

A

embryonic folding

52
Q

primary germ layer that goes on to form the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, and lungs

A

endoderm

53
Q

process by which a blastocyst embeds itself in the uterine endometrium

A

implantation

54
Q

cluster of cells within the blastocyst that is fated to become the embryo

A

inner cell mass

55
Q

fluid-filled shell of squamous cells destined to become the chorionic villi, placenta, and associated fetal membranes

A

trophoblast

56
Q

organ that forms during pregnancy to nourish the developing fetus; also regulates waste and gas exchange between mother and fetus

A

placenta

57
Q

What percent of blastocytes fail to implant

A

50-75 percent

58
Q

superficial cells of the trophoblast that fuse to form a multinucleated body that digests endometrial cells to firmly secure the blastocyst to the uterine wall

A

syncytiotrophoblast

59
Q

hormone that directs the corpus luteum to survive, enlarge, and continue producing progesterone and estrogen to suppress menses and secure an environment suitable for the developing embryo

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

60
Q

What is the horomone that gets a positive test result on at home urine test

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

61
Q

low placement of fetus within uterus causes placenta to partially or completely cover the opening of the cervix as it grows

A

placenta previa.

62
Q

What types of ectopic pregnancys are there

A

tubal - in uterine tubes
ovarian- in ovaries
abdominal ectopic - in abdomen

63
Q

What is Methotextrate

A

Cytotoxic drug used to inhibit metabolism of folic acid and end a uterine tube pregnancy

64
Q

What week of development do the cells within the blastocyst start to organize into layers?

A

Week 2

65
Q

cavity that opens up between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast; develops into amnion

A

amniotic cavity

66
Q

transparent membranous sac that encloses the developing fetus and fills with amniotic fluid

forms by end of week 2

A

Amnion

67
Q

When do kidneys of fetus begin to function?

A

Week 8

68
Q

membrane associated with primitive circulation to the developing embryo; source of the first blood cells and germ cells and contributes to the umbilical cord structure

A

yolk sac

69
Q

What does the endoderm become

A

Digestive system
Liver
Pancreas
Lungs

70
Q

What does the mesoderm become

A

Circulatory system
Lungs
Skeletal system
Muscular system

71
Q

What does the ectoderm become

A

Hair
Nails
Skin
Nervous System

72
Q

When is the placenta fully developed

A

weeks 14-16

73
Q

When do fetal limb movements begin

A

during 6th week

74
Q

What week are facial structures more complex

A

Week 7

75
Q

By end of embryonic period how big is the embryo

A

3cm - 1.2in

and weights 8g

76
Q

What percent of calcium and phosphate that enters the body is incorporated into bones and teeth

A

90%

77
Q

Which ions require multiple urine samples over a 24 hour period of time

A

Calcium and phosphate

78
Q

What ion is not excreted in urine?

A

Bicarbonate

79
Q

What is hyponatremia

A

lower than normal concentration of sodium - usually associated with excess water in the body

80
Q

What is Hyperatremia

A

an abnormal increase in blood sodium

81
Q

What helps estabilish the resting membrane potential in neurons and muscle fibers after membrane depolarization and action potentials

A

Potassium

82
Q

What is Hypokalemia

A

Abnormally low potassium blood level

83
Q

What is Hyperkalemia

A

elevated potassium level

84
Q

What is hypochloremia

A

lower the normal blood chloride levels - can occur because of renal tubular absorbtion

85
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

Higher than normal blood chloride levels

86
Q

What is the second most abundant anion in blood

A

Bicarbonate

87
Q

What is the principle function of bicarbonate

A

To maintain body’s acid - base balance by being part of buffer systesm

88
Q

How much of C02 in body is converted into Bicarbonate

A

90%

89
Q

Where is carbon dioxide converted into bicarbonate

A

Cytoplasm of red blood cells

90
Q

What is Hypocalcemia

A

abnormally low calcium blood levels seen in hypoparathyrodism

91
Q

What is Hypercalcemia

A

Abnormally high calcium blood levels

92
Q

If Co2 goes up and H goes up then what happens to Ph

A

Ph goes down

93
Q

If Co 2 and H go down what happens to Ph

A

Ph goes up

94
Q

If you’re breathing out more air “hyperventilation” what happens to Co2, H and Ph

A

Co2 goes down
H goes down
Ph goes Up

95
Q

If you’re breathing out less what happens to CO2, H and Ph

A

Co2 goes up
H goes up
pH goes down

96
Q

How many vessels in the umbilical cord

A

3
1 umbilical vein
2 umbilical arteries

97
Q

What are portal systems

A

utilize 2 capillary systems

98
Q

What are 2 examples of portal systems

A
  1. Efferent arterioles

2. Hepatitic Portal Vein

99
Q

The 2 portal networks are where in the efferent ateriole

A

1st capellaries in glomerulus

2 cappillary in nephron

100
Q

What breaks down glycogen to turn into gluclose in the liver

A

Glucagon

101
Q

What are the 3 steps of Gluclose metabolism

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Kreb Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
102
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain Happen

A

Mitochondria

103
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur

A

Cytosol

104
Q

Describe Glycolysis

A

1 molecule of Gluclose is broken down into Pyruvic Acid ( can occur w/ or w..o oxygen)
Results in
2 ATP
2 NADH

105
Q

Before Step 2 (Kreb Cycle) what happens to Pyruvic Acid

A

Oxygen must be present and the Pyruvic Acid is converted into AceCoA

results in
2 CO2
2 NADH

106
Q

If no oxygen present what happens to Pyruvic Acid

A

turns into Lactic Acid

107
Q

Before Step 2 Kreb Cycle how many ATP, C02, & NADH are present

A

2 ATP
4 NADH
2 CO2

108
Q

What are the products of the Kreb Cycle

A

4 ATP
6 CO2
10 NADH

109
Q

What happens to the NADH during the Electron Transport Chain

A

enter a series of reactions in the mitochondria that produces 34 ATP and 2 H2O molecules

110
Q

By the end of the Electron Transport Chain how many ATP, CO2, NADH, AND H2O are present

A

38 ATP
6 CO2
0 NADH
2 H2O

111
Q

Are Ketones Acids?

A

True they are produced from Fatty Acids converting into AceCoA

112
Q

Whne Nitrogen is removed from Amino Acids what does it become

A

Urea

Advanced Anatomy (23 decks)

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