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Advanced Anatomy > Defensive Reading > Flashcards

Defensive Reading Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 surface defenses of the innate defense system

A

Skin
Hair
Mucus

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2
Q

What are the 4 internal defenses of the innate defense system

A
  1. Mast Cells and Basophiles
  2. Natural Killer Cells
  3. Complement System
  4. Phagocytes ( Monocytes, Macrophages, Neutrophils)
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3
Q

What makes the skin protective

A

Covered with a layer of dead, keratinized epithelium that is too dry for bacteria in which to grow and is shed continuously

sweat and other skin secretions may lower pH, contain toxic lipids, and physically wash microbes away.

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4
Q

What makes saliva protective

A

rich in lysozyme—an enzyme that destroys bacteria by digesting their cell walls.

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5
Q

What makes the stomach a protective barrier

A

The acidic environment of the stomach, which is fatal to many pathogens,

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6
Q

What makes the upper respiratory tract a protective barrier

A

Ciliated epithelial cells move potentially contaminated mucus upwards to the mouth, where it is then swallowed into the digestive tract, ending up in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach.

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7
Q

What is a phagocyte

A

A phagocyte is a cell that is able to surround and engulf a particle or cell,a process known as phagocytosis

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8
Q

What is body’s fast acting, first line of immunological defense against organisms that have breached barrier defenses and have entered the vulnerable tissues of the body.

A

Phagocytes

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9
Q

What are the major phagocytes of the immune system

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

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10
Q

What is a macrophage

A

an irregularly shaped phagocyte that is amoeboid in nature and is the most versatile of the phagocytes in the body.

move through tissues and squeeze through capillary walls using pseudopodia

agranulocyte

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11
Q

What type of phagocyte is the first line of defense when pathogens breach the body’s barriers

A

macrophages

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12
Q

What are the different names for macrophages and their locations

A

Kupffer cells in the liver
Histiocytes in connective tissue
Alveolar macrophages in the lungs.

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13
Q

What is a neutrophil

A

a phagocytic cell that is attracted via chemotaxis from the bloodstream to infected tissues

spherical in shaper

granulocytes

thought of as military reinforcements that are called into a battle to hasten the destruction of the enemy

primary pathogen-killing cell of the inflammatory process of the innate immune response,

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14
Q

What is a granulocyte and what is an agranulocyte

A

A granulocyte contains cytoplasmic granules, which in turn contain a variety of vasoactive mediators such as histamine
Neutrophils

An agranulocyte has few or no cytoplasmic granules
Macrophages & Monocytes

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15
Q

What is the primary location of Macrophages, Neutrophils, and Monocytes

A

Macrophages - body cavaties and organs
Neutrophils - blood
Monocytes - blood

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16
Q

What is the main function in the innate immune system of the Macrophages, Neutrophils and Monocytes

A

Macrophages- phagocytocis
Neutrophils- Phagocytosis
Monocytes - Precursor of macrophage/dendritic cell

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17
Q

What is a monocyte

A

circulating precursor cell that differentiates into either a macrophage or dendritic cell, which can be rapidly attracted to areas of infection by signal molecules of inflammation.

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18
Q

What are Natural Killer Cells

A

a type of lymphocyte that have the ability to induce apoptosis, that is, programmed cell death, in cells infected with intracellular pathogens such as obligate intracellular bacteria and viruses.

19
Q

What is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death… a cascade of events inside the cell causes its own death by either of two mechanisms

20
Q

What are the two ways Natural Killer cells cause apoptosis

A

NK cells are able to respond to chemical signals and express the fas ligand

The granules of the NK cells release perforins and granzymes

21
Q

What is a fas ligand

A

a surface molecule that binds to the fas molecule on the surface of the infected cell, sending it apoptotic signals, thus killing the cell and the pathogen within it;

22
Q

What is a perforin and what is a granzyme

A

a protein that forms pores in the membranes of infected cells. A granzyme is a protein-digesting enzyme that enters the cell via the perforin pores and triggers apoptosis intracellularly

23
Q

What is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR)

A

a membrane-bound receptor that recognizes characteristic features of a pathogen and molecules released by stressed or damaged cells.

how phagocytic cells, and the cytotoxic NK cells recognize patterns of pathogen-specific molecules, such as bacterial cell wall components or bacterial flagellar proteins

24
Q

What is a cytokine

A

Signaling molecule that allows cells to communicate with each other over short distances.

Cytokines are secreted into the intercellular space, and the action of the cytokine induces the receiving cell to change its physiology.

25
Q

What is a chemokine

A

a soluble chemical mediator similar to cytokines except that its function is to attract cells (chemotaxis) from longer distances.

26
Q

What is an early induced protein

A

those that are not constitutively present in the body, but are made as they are needed early during the innate immune response. Interferons are an example of early induced proteins.

27
Q

What is an Interferon

A

Cells infected with viruses secrete interferons that travel to adjacent cells and induce them to make antiviral proteins.

mannose-binding protein and C-reactive protein, made in the liver, which bind specifically to polysaccharide components of the bacterial cell wall.

28
Q

What is Opsonization

A

the tagging of a pathogen for phagocytosis by the binding of an antibody or an antimicrobial protein.

29
Q

What is the complement system

A

The complement system is a series of proteins constitutively found in the blood plasma.

Made in the Liver

not considered part of early induced immune response

30
Q

What does the inflammatory response do

A

The inflammatory reaction brings in phagocytic cells to the damaged area to clear cellular debris and to set the stage for wound repair

also brings in the cells of the innate immune system, allowing them to get rid of the sources of a possible infection.

brings fluid and cells into the site to destroy the pathogen and remove it and debris from the site, but also helps to isolate the site, limiting the spread of the pathogen.

31
Q

What are the 4 parts of inflammatory response

A

Tissue Injury
Vasodilation
Increased Vascular Permability
Recruitment of phagocytes

32
Q

What happens during the tissue damage part of inflammation

A

The released contents of injured cells stimulate the release of mast cell granules and their potent inflammatory mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.

Histamine increases the diameter of local blood vessels (vasodilation), causing an increase in blood flow.

Histamine also increases the permeability of local capillaries, causing plasma to leak out and form interstitial fluid. This causes the swelling associated with inflammation.

33
Q

What is the major reason for pain during inflammation?

A

Prostaglandins cause vasodilation by relaxing vascular smooth muscle and are a major cause of the pain associated with inflammation.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen relieve pain by inhibiting prostaglandin production.

34
Q

Which of the following is a precursor for macrophages?

Basophil
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Eosinophil

A

Monocyte

35
Q

The bacterial that cause tuberculosis are easily killed by phagocytes.

Question options:
True
False

A

False

36
Q

The process of labeling a cell or particle for destruction by phagocytes is known as .

Apoptosis
Opsonization
Inflammation
Chemotaxis

A

Opsonization

37
Q

Which of the following proteins helps cells communicate over short distances?

Chemokine
Cytokines
Perforin
Granzymes

A

Cytokines

38
Q

The skin is an example of an innate mechanism

Question options:
True
False

A

True

39
Q

Which of the following terms referes to programmed cell death?

Phagocytosis
Apoptosis
Fibrinolysis
Agglutination

A

Apoptosis

40
Q

Where in the body are the proteins of the complement system produced?

In the liver
In lymph nodes
In tonsils
In the spleen

A

In liver

41
Q

Macrophages contain cytoplasmic granules

Question options:
True
False

A

False

42
Q

Which enzyme in saliva helps to destroy bacteria?

Lysozyme
Perforin
Acid
Granzymes

A

Lysozyme

43
Q

Which protein causes vasodilation?

Histamine
Atropine
Plasmin
Chemokine

A

Histamine

Advanced Anatomy (23 decks)

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