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Advanced Anatomy > Anatomy of a kidney > Flashcards

Anatomy of a kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of a nephron

A

take simple filtrate of the blood and modify it into urine

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2
Q

What are the three principle functions of nephrone

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorbtion
  3. Secretions
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3
Q

What are the secondary functions of nephrons

A
  1. Blood pressure * production of renin
  2. Red blood cell production
  3. Calcium absorption - converstion of calcidol into calcitiol- active form of vitamin D
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4
Q

What is the glomerulus

A
  • tuft of capellaries surrounded by Bowmans capsule

* high pressure capillary bed between afferent and efferent arterioles

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5
Q

What type of cell tissue is the parietal layer of the Bowmans capsule

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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6
Q

What are the cells in the Bowmans capsule that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus

A

Podocytes - extensions are called pedicels

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7
Q

What do podocytes form on the glomerular capillaries

A

Filtration slits - small slits that plasma filters between to be captured by the Bowmans capsule and funneled to the PCT ( proximal convuluted tubule)

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8
Q

As blood passes through the glomerulus what percentage of plasma filters between the filtration slits/ sieves

A

10 - 20% captured by Bowmans capsule and funneled to Proximal convoluted Tubule

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9
Q

What three features comprise what is known as the filtration membrane?

A
  1. fenestrations and podocyte fenestra
  2. fused basement membrane
  3. filtration slits.
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10
Q

What size are the pores in the filtration membrane that permit rapid movement of filtrate from capillary to capsule?

A

70nm diameter

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11
Q

Fenestrations do what

A
  • prevent filtration of blood cells or large proteins
  • allow substances to diffuse from the blood based primarily on size
  • less than 4nm - 8nm cross readily and freely
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12
Q

What type of charge to the protein associated with fenestrations have?

A

Negative charges - repel negatively charges substances, allow positively charged substances to pass easily

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13
Q

What does the basement membrane do?

A

Prevents filtration of medium to large proteins like globulins

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14
Q

Wht are Mesangial cells?

A

Cells in filtration membrane that contract to help regulate the filtration of the glomerulus

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15
Q

Filtration is regulated by what?

A
  1. Fenestrations in capillary endothelial cells
  2. Podocytes with filtration slits
  3. Membrane charge
  4. Basement membrane between capillary cells
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16
Q

What lies outside the Bowmans capsule and glomerulus?

A

The Juxtaglomerulus Apparatus JGA

17
Q

What is the Macula Densa

A
  • wall of distal convoluted tubule that makes up part of Juxtaglomerulus Apparatus
  • Cuboidal epethelial cells
  • monitors fluid composition of fluid flowing through DCT
  • release paracrine signals (ATP & adenosine) in response to Na+ and rate of fluide
18
Q

What do the Juxtaglomerulus cells do

A
  • smooth muscle cell
  • in afferent arteriole
  • contracts or relaxes in response to ATP or adenosine released by Macula densa
  • regulate blood flow to the glomerulus
19
Q

If osmolarity of filtrate is hypersmotic (too hgiht) what happens?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells contract

decreases filtration rate so less plasma is filtered

less urine formation and greater retention of fluid

20
Q

What happens when osmolarity goes down

A
  • filtration and urine formation increase

* water lost by way of urine

21
Q

What is a second function of macula densa cells

A

regulate renin release from juxtaglomerulus cells in afferenent arteriole

22
Q

How many amino acids make up renin

A

304

23
Q

What is renin

A

a enzyme that breaks down angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin 1

24
Q

What are the steps of breaking down angiotensinogen

A
  1. Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin
  2. Kidney releases renin into blood stream
  3. renin breaks down angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
  4. ACE from pulmonary blood converst angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
  5. Angiotensin 2 helps regulate blood pressure by increasing it & stimulates the steroid hormone aldosterone from adrenal cortex
  6. Aldosterone stimulates sodium reabsorbtion by kidney which results in water retention and increased blood pressure
25
Q

Filtered fluis collected by the Bowmans capsule goes where

A

The proximal convulted tubule 10%-20% of fluid

26
Q

What type of cells form the PCT

A

Simple cuboidal with microvilli that form a brushing border

27
Q

What is the purpose of the microvilli in PCT

A

absorbtion and scretion of solutes

28
Q

What type of transport is used to absorb and secrete solutes in the PCT

A

Active transport - lots of mitochondria to produce ATP

29
Q

What is the loop on Henle

A
  • nephron loop

* descending and ascending portions that run parallel to each other

30
Q

What does the descending loop of Henle consist of?

A

initial short think portion

and then long thing portion

31
Q

What does the ascending loop of Henle consist of

A
  • initial short and thin then followed by long and thick portion
32
Q

What type of cell tissue to the descending and ascending THICK portion of the loop of henle consist of

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium similar to PCT

33
Q

What type of cell tissue to the descending and ascending THIN portion of the loop of henle consist of

A

simple squamois epithelium

34
Q

As collecting ducts merge while descending deeper into the medulla how many terminal ducts do they form?

A

30 - which empty into the pailla

35
Q

What time of cell tissue line the collecting ducts

A

Simple squamous epithelium with receptors of ADH

36
Q

What happens when the collecting ducts are stimulated by ADH

A

Insert aquaporin channel proteins into membranes which allow water to pass from the duct lumen through the cells to be recovered by the vasa recta

37
Q

What is the function of aquaporins

A

allow movement of water across the hydrophobic cell membrane

at least 10 types in humans, 6 in kidneys

38
Q

What does the positive charge in aquaporin channels do?

A

Prevent leakage of electrolytes across the cell membrane while allowing water to move due to osmosis

Advanced Anatomy (23 decks)

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