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Microbiology > Final Exam: Exam 5 pt 3 > Flashcards

Final Exam: Exam 5 pt 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetic recombination

A

-physical exchange of genes between genetic elements

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2
Q

main enzyme in genetic recomination

A

Rec A, also helps in SOS response

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3
Q

homologous recombination

A

-exchange of very two similar pieces of DNA between different sources

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4
Q

Eukaryotes homologous recombination

A

-vertical gene transfer
-occurs during meiosis

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5
Q

Prokaryotic homologous recombination

A

-horizontal gene transfer
-more common than previously thought
-occurs by three different mechanisms

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6
Q

transformation

A

-involves the uptake of naked DNA from the environment
-pick up random DNA laying out

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7
Q

Transformation experiment

A

-1920 Frederick and Griffith
-streptococcus pneumoniae
-R strain: nonvirulent
-S strain: virulent
-other bacterial cells can take up broken down capsule DNA and become virulent

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8
Q

Mechanism of transformation (basic)

A

-look for DNA binding proteins to be expressed by bacterial cell (integral)
-DNA uptake around 10 Kb

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9
Q

Mechanism of transformation (detail)

A

-DNA binding complex resemble type IV fimbriae
-bind double stranded DNA and then shorted and converted to single strand fragments
-once in cell, bound to single stranded DNA binding proteins

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10
Q

competent

A

-bacteria that can take up DNA from the environment and be transformed
-do this when environment is stable

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11
Q

factors that determine competency

A

-genetically
-regulated: happens at certain times (induced when environment is favorable)
-variation is seen regarding when and how many are competant

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12
Q

naturally competent bacteria

A

-bacillus
-streptococcus
-haemophilus
-neisseria
-acintobacter

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13
Q

high efficiency natural transformation

A

-rare
-force bacteria to become competency (E coli)

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14
Q

electrical shock (electroporation)

A

-force competency
-chemical signal that stunts cell membrane and let DNA in

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15
Q

exposure to calcium chloride

A

-force competency
-then chilled to take up DNA

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16
Q

Transduction

A

-DNA transfer mediated by a bacteriophage

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17
Q

bacteriophage

A

viruses that inflict bacteria

18
Q

lytic virus

A

get in, multiply, lyse (release)

19
Q

lysogenic viruses

A

-hanging out for awhile
-can go into lytic

20
Q

generalized transduction

A

-happens in lytic phase (or when lysogenic becomes lytic)
-random fragments of disintegrating host DNA taken up by the phage during assembly

21
Q

quality control

A

only check for size of fragments, not the correct genes

22
Q

specialized transduction

A

-highly specific part of host genome is regularly incorporated into the virus
-only occurs with lysogenic phage
-insert themselves into chromosomesp

23
Q

process of specialized transduction

A

–prophage in bacteria
-excised phage contains some bacterial DNA
-new viral particles synthesized
-infection recipient cell transfers bacterial DNA to new cell

24
Q

when phage isnt infectious anymore, it can still

A

-exchange bacterial DNA w other bacterial cells

25
Q

conjugative plasmids

A

-use pilus
-contain a specific set of genes: tra region

26
Q

tra region

A

-Tra I
-relaxosome
-pilus
-Type IV secretion system

27
Q

Tra I

A

-nicking enzyme to initiate replication via rolling circle
-has intrinsic helicase to pull away from strand

28
Q

pilus

A

exchange of genes

29
Q

Type IV secretion system

A

-look like bacterial syringe
-inject plasmid DNA into pilus to travel into other cell

30
Q

Bacterial conjugation

A

-need direct cell contact
-pilus forms first and binds
-then retracts to make stronger

31
Q

Hfr

A

high frequency recombinatin

32
Q

high frequency recombination

A

-increasing what you can exchange
-Plasmid DNA and some chromosomal DNA
**get a lot of genes exchanges but due to instability only exchange some but now can get chromosomal genes

33
Q

F plasmid

A

is an episome, can integrate into chromosome

34
Q

transposable elements

A

-in euk and prok
-recombination due to movement of DNA sequences from one part of the genome to another part

35
Q

who identified transposable elements

A

Barbara Mcclintock

36
Q

two major types of transposable elements

A

-insertion sequences
-transposons

37
Q

insertion sequences

A

-genes encoding transposase
-short inverted repeats at ends
-simplest
-shorter
-conservative mechanism

38
Q

transposons

A

-genes encoding transposase
-short inverted repeats at ends
-longer
-included additional genes
-replicative mechanism

39
Q

how long are short inverted repeats

A

50-100 bases

40
Q

conservative mechanisms

A

cut out then move to other place

41
Q

replicative mechanism

A

replicate and move replicate to another spot

Microbiology (20 decks)

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