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Microbiology > Exam 4 Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

making protein involves

A

all 3 forms of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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2
Q

mRNA

A

-uses the genetic code as their language
-reads as a series of triplets called codons
-each codon codes for a specific amino acid

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3
Q

how many possible codons

A

64

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4
Q

how many amino acids

A

20

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5
Q

genetic code redundancy

A

more than 1 codon can code for the same amino acid

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6
Q

wobble site

A

third site within the codon because it is not needed to define the amino acid

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7
Q

start site

A

AUG

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8
Q

stop codons

A

UAG
UAA
UGA

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9
Q

why is reading frame important

A

the movement or shift down of only one codon can change the amino acid that it codes for changing the genetic code

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10
Q

AUG in bacteria contains

A

formyl methionine

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11
Q

tRNA

A

-transfer RNA
-73-93 nucleotides long
-single stranded with secondary structures
-modified bases

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12
Q

why does tRNA have increased stability when compared to mRNA

A

through the single strands with secondary structures and the modified bases

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13
Q

modified bases

A

pseudouridine, inosine, D=dihydrouridine, dimethyl guanosine

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14
Q

clover leaf structure

A

structure of tRNA that is beneficial in that it prevents attack by ribonuclease becasue they typically attacked linear

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15
Q

what forms the clover leaf structure

A

intra-strand base pairing

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16
Q

functional importance of tRNA

A

-anti-codon area
-3’ acceptor end

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17
Q

anti codon area

A

bases that recognize mRNA codons

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18
Q

3’ acceptor end

A

-attaches 3 bases (cytosine, cytosine, adenine) to 3’ end
-termed CCA

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19
Q

what adds CCA onto the 3’ end

A

CCA adding enzyme

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20
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthase

A

adds amino acid onto the CCA

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21
Q

rRNA

A

prime component of ribosomes

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22
Q

ribosomes

A

-where translation occurs
-site of protein synthesis
-60% rRNA
-40% protein

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23
Q

prokaryotic ribosomal subunits

A

70S total, 50S large, 30S small

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24
Q

eukaryotic ribosomal subunits

A

80S total, 60S large, 40S small

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25
Q

rRNA off of 50S subunit

A

5S and 23S rRNA

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26
Q

rRNA off of 30S subunit

A

16S rRNA

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27
Q

rRNA off of 60S subunit

A

5S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNA

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28
Q

rRNA off of 40S subunit

A

18S rRNA

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29
Q

translation initiation

A

small subunit is separated from large subunit

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30
Q

what keeps the two subunits separated

A

IF-3 initiation factor that is bound to the 30S subunit

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31
Q

5’ untranslated region upstream of a gene has…

A

…Shine dalgarno sequence

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32
Q

Shine Dalgarno sequence

A

base pairs with the 3’ end of the 16S rRNA which puts AUG into prime recognition

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33
Q

when AUG is in prime recognition then

A

AUG becomes available for recognition by the tRNA carriers: formyl methionine

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34
Q

what helps tRNA get into its place

35
Q

where does tRNA eventually need to get into

A

future P site

36
Q

what is displaced that causes initiation

A

IF-1 displaces IF-3 which begins the process of initiation

37
Q

when initiation begins, what is opened up

A

50S subunit is open, IF-2 then uses energy to pack the tRNA into the P site and then leaves

38
Q

where do all incoming tRNA go?

A

A site, except tRNA 1 goes to P site

39
Q

elongation factors

A

-EF-Tu
-EF-Ts
-23S rRNA
-EF-G

40
Q

EF-Tu

A

-helps bring in next tRNA with amino acid
-if it fits anticodon loop then 16S + 23S interact and GTP locks in place
-GTP becomes GDP

41
Q

EF-Ts

A

turns GDP back into GTP

42
Q

23S rRNA

A

-peptidyl transferase enzyme
-RNA based
-binds AA in P site
-needs translation to occur in order to shift ribosome down 1 unit (requires energy)

43
Q

EF-G

A

-helps move the ribosome down a unit
-moves empty tRNA from P site to E site (to exit)
-growing peptide then moves into P site to have empty A site to start process over again

44
Q

why is translation efficient

A

-polycistronic sequences
-multiple ribosomes can attach because of trasnlocation

45
Q

polysomes

A

makes translation more efficient
**not speific to eukaryotes

46
Q

polysomes in prokaryotes

A

-combine transcription and translation to occur simultaneously

47
Q

why can transcription and translation occur at the same time in eukaryotes?

A

-they have no nucleus
-RNA polymerase

48
Q

protein folding uses…

A

-chaperones
-GroEL
-GroES

49
Q

chaperone proteins

A

-initiate folding
-DNA K and DNA J are the main mechanisms used

50
Q

DNA K and DNA J

A

ATP dependent enzymes

51
Q

GroEL and GroES

A

make up a barrel structure that allows the protein to go through which forces proper protein folding (ATP dependent)

52
Q

protein processing first codon

A

-first codon typically cleaved away BUT bactera tend to not cleave off all of their protein

53
Q

what is left behind when bacteria doesnt cleave off all protein

A

formyl methionine

54
Q

formyl methionine is

A

a great trigger four our immune response

55
Q

why is formyl methionine a trigger for our immune response

A

our white blood cells ahve formyl methionine receptors to fight off/start an immune response against it

56
Q

after prtein get made they go through

A

extra processing in the ER and golgi to attach sugars

57
Q

glycosylation

A

sugaring process

58
Q

most antibiotics are derived from

59
Q

antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis

A

-Aminoglycosides
-Tetracyclines
-Chloramphenicol
-Macrolides

60
Q

what do all of those antibiotics target?

A

70S ribosome which is only effective against bacteria

61
Q

how to we prevent the antibiotics from attacking the 70S in our mitochondria

A

by giving the antibiotic in smaller concentration doses so it does not interfere

62
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

-obtained from streptomyces
-streptomycin, gentamycin, tobramycin, neomycin
-cyclohexane ring and 1 or more amino sugars
-binds to 30S causing misreading of mRNA message
-effective against gram - enteric
-bacteriocidial

63
Q

bacteriocidial

A

kill microorgansims

64
Q

bacteriostatic

A

prevent reproduction of microorganisms

65
Q

Tetracyclines

A

-broad spectrum
-binds to 30S and inhibits enterance of tRNA onto A site
-not used in kids or pregnant women
-acne medicine and animal feel
-bacteriostatic

66
Q

chloramphenicol

A

-broad spectrum
-obtained from streptomyces venezuelae
-binds to 50S inhibits formation of peptide binds between AA
-last resort antibiotic bc of bad side effects
-used in 3rd world countries

67
Q

side effects of chloramphenicol

A

aplastic anemia: low white, red, and platelet count which messes with bone marrow production

68
Q

macrolides

A

-erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
-lactone rings to one or more sugars
-binds to 50S ribosomal subunit + prevents translocation of the ribosome: EFG is responsible

69
Q

bacteria timing of transcription and translation

70
Q

eukarya timing of transcription and translation

A

sperate time

71
Q

archaea timing of transcription and translation

A

seperate time

72
Q

bacteria recognition of mRNA by small ribosomal subunit

A

shine dalgarno sequence

73
Q

eukarya recognition of mRNA by small ribosomal subunit

74
Q

archaea recognition of mRNA by small ribosomal subunit

A

shine dalgarno sequence

75
Q

bacteria coding of start codon

A

formyl methionine

76
Q

eukarya coding of start codon

A

AUG mehtionine

77
Q

archaea coding of start codon

A

AUG methionine

78
Q

bacteria amount of transcription factors

79
Q

eukarya amount of transcription factors

A

multi-subunit, a lot more complex

80
Q

archaea amount of transcription factors

A

multi subunit but not complex

81
Q

bacteria amount of termination factors

82
Q

eukarya amount of termination facotrs

83
Q

archaea amount of termination factors

Microbiology (20 decks)

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