Exam 2 Quiz 3 Flashcards
NADH
goes into the electron transport chains
NADPH
not in electron transport chain, goes into anabolic pathways instead
Pentose phosphate pathway
-found in all organisms/domains
-converts glucose-6-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate by uses 6 NADPH
ribose-5-phosphate
-dynamic molecule, is the starting point for many other things
-can lead to a mixture of 3-7 carbon sugar phosphate molecules
-precusor for amino acids,vitamins, and nucleic acids
-makes glucose
-intermediate can make ATP
TCA cycle
tricarboxylic acid cycle
before the TCA cycle pyruvate is…
…converted into coenzyme A and other enzymes that facilitate the decarboxylation and dehydrogenation of pyruvate generating CO2 and NADH respectively
starting material for TCA cycle
acetyl CoA
electron transport chain
-chain of membrane-associated electron carriers
-cell membrane in bacteria, mitochondria in us
-facilitate the transfer of electrons from to the terminal electron acceptor
-generate ATP using energy released during electron transfer
how is electron chain in bacteria different?
-located in the plasma membrane
-diversity in terms of the carriers
-can be branched
-can be shorter in length
NADH dehydrogenase
-starting carrier
-active site that binds NADH: 2e- and 2 H+
-creates NAD+ to get more e- and H+
Flavoproteins
-contain a derivative of vitamin riboflavin and is attached to a protein as a prosthetic group
iron-sulfur proteins
-proteins that have prosthetic groups that contain iron + sulfur
-Fe2S2 , Fe4S4
-different arrangements allow for varying reduction potentials
-only carry e-
quinones/ non-protein carrier / coenzyme Q
-small hydrophobic molecules that lack a protein component
-in cell membrane
-can accept e- and H+
Cytochromes
-proteins that contain heme prosthetic groups
-many classes that can be broken up more, allows variation in reduction potential
-carry only e-
-typically more + values
ATP synthase
-complex enzyme composed of 2 large units F0 and F1 embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane
-highly conserved
-reversible
anaerobic respiration
require external electron acceptors that play a role at the end of the electron transport chain
external electron acceptors
-elemental sulfur
-sulfate
-nitrate
chemolithotrophs
aerobic and anaerobic respiration
chemoorganotrophs
-aerobic respiration
-anaerobic respiration
-fermentation
fermentation
-nonrespiratory energy-generating process
-incomplete breakdown of an organic compound that only go through glycolysis
final electron acceptor in fermentation
(endogenous electron acceptor) pyruvate or a pyruvate derivative
main products of fermentation
alcohol (ethanol), acids,CO2
how does fermentation achieve energy conservation
substrate-level phosphorylation only, no electron transport chain
lactic acid fermentation
-major product lactic acid
-homolactic and heterolactic
