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Microbiology > Exam 4 Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Quiz 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA transcribed into RNA and RNA translated into proteins

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2
Q

DNA

A

double stranded, deoxyribose, thyamine

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3
Q

RNA

A

single stranded, ribose, uracil

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4
Q

RNA polymerase

A

what is needed in order to make RNA

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5
Q

RNA polymerase charcateristics

A

-catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides
-requires ribonucleoside triphosphates
-polymerize in 5’ to 3’ direction
-requires a template

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6
Q

triphosphates

A

where we get the energy to make RNA

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7
Q

5’ to 3’ means

A

adding to the free 3’ OH group

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8
Q

Template made of

A

made of DNA

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9
Q

differences with RNA polymerase

A

-has intrinsic helicase activity
-can initiate new strands of nucleotides on its own (NO PRIMER!! CAN start de novo)
-4-5 subunits

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10
Q

structure of bacterial RNA polymerase

A

(Alpha 2 beta beta’ omega)
+ sigma facotr

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11
Q

alpha 2 beta beta’ omega

A

core of RNA polymerase

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12
Q

sigma factor

A

helps with function

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13
Q

initiation of transcription begins with

A

finding the promoter

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14
Q

eukaryotes promoter

A

-tata box
-beta recognition element
-transcription factors to bind promoters
-small subset of bases of chromosomes transcribed
-can use either strand for replication
-oriented 5’ to 3’

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15
Q

bacteria promotor sites

A

2 sites:
-TATAAT (Pribnow box, 10 bases upstream)
-TTGACA (35 bases upstream)
-can be on either strand depending on the gene
-only one strand will be transcribed depending on orientation

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16
Q

strand is recognized by the…

A

the sigma factor

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17
Q

consensus sequences

A

doesn’t have to be exact

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18
Q

Elongation of transcript

A

-DNA template exposed
-CAN start de novo (sigma factor cues it in)

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19
Q

sigma factor

A

-leaves after transcript is initiated
-role is to get promoter recognized
-when released it can become bound to another promoter

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20
Q

how many sigma factors expressed in bacteria

A

they tend to run under the same sigma factor but can express multiple but there is usually 1 main factor

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21
Q

transcription only needs to go…

A

as far as the genes that are needed

22
Q

termination is dictated by

A

DNA sequence (promoter)

23
Q

Two main ways for termination

A
  1. Intrinsic termination
  2. Extrinsic termination
24
Q

intrinsic termination

A

-everything to terminate is already there
-looks for high G-C rich area with inverted repeat followed by a string of adenines
-BOTH of those needed for termination to occur

25
Q

inverted repeats

A

-want for stabilization
-want to fold onto each other
-leads to stem loop structur

26
Q

stem loop structure

A

-interact with RNA polymerase which stalls the RNA polymerase
-grabs it then stops it
-RNA polymerase hanging on by weak interaction

27
Q

Extrinsic termination method

A

-requires Rho protein
-still contains stem loop structure

28
Q

Rho protein

A

-bind to RNA message that’s being made
-binds to rut site

29
Q

rut site

A

located within the RNA just transcribed

30
Q

Roh protein and stem loop structure

A

Roh protein interact with stalled RNA polymerase breaking them apart from DNA

31
Q

Prokaryotic mRNA transcript

A

-pretty simple
-polycistronic mRNA

32
Q

polycistronic mRNA

A

more than 1 gene in each transcript

33
Q

eukaryotic mRNA transcript

A

monocistronic

34
Q

5’ CAP in eukaryotes

A

7-methylguanosine, helps initiate transcription

35
Q

poly A tail

A

-at 3’ end
-ab 200 long, keep getting degraded
-for stability (half life)

36
Q

tRNA and mRNA are found

A

on the same transcript and then cleaved

37
Q

how many RNA polymerases in bacteria

A

1

38
Q

how many RNA polymerases in eukarya

A

3

39
Q

how many RNA polymerases in archaea

A

1

40
Q

composition of RNA polymerase in bacteria

A

4-5

41
Q

composition of RNA polymerases in eukarya

A

around 12 +

42
Q

composition of RNA polymerases in archaea

A

around 11-13

43
Q

recognition of promoter in bacteria

A

sigma factor

44
Q

recognigtion of promoter in eukarya

A

many transcription factors

45
Q

recognigtion of promoter in archaea

A

less transcription factors

46
Q

composition of promoter in bacteria

A

TATAAT and TTGACA

47
Q

composition of promoter in eukarya

A

TATA box and B recognigtion

48
Q

composition of promoter in archaea

A

TATAAT

49
Q

termination of transcription in bacteria

A

Rho protein

50
Q

termination of transcription in eukarya

A

termination signal/termination protein

51
Q

termination of transcription in archaea

A

inverted repeats followed by AT rich sequence OR lack of inverted repeats but contains repeated runs of thymine’s
**no stem loops
-termination protein termed ETA

Microbiology (20 decks)

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