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Microbiology > Exam 4 Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA transcribed into RNA and RNA translated into proteins

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2
Q

DNA

A

double stranded, deoxyribose, thyamine

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3
Q

RNA

A

single stranded, ribose, uracil

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4
Q

RNA polymerase

A

what is needed in order to make RNA

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5
Q

RNA polymerase charcateristics

A

-catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides
-requires ribonucleoside triphosphates
-polymerize in 5’ to 3’ direction
-requires a template

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6
Q

triphosphates

A

where we get the energy to make RNA

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7
Q

5’ to 3’ means

A

adding to the free 3’ OH group

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8
Q

Template made of

A

made of DNA

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9
Q

differences with RNA polymerase

A

-has intrinsic helicase activity
-can initiate new strands of nucleotides on its own (NO PRIMER!! CAN start de novo)
-4-5 subunits

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10
Q

structure of bacterial RNA polymerase

A

(Alpha 2 beta beta’ omega)
+ sigma facotr

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11
Q

alpha 2 beta beta’ omega

A

core of RNA polymerase

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12
Q

sigma factor

A

helps with function

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13
Q

initiation of transcription begins with

A

finding the promoter

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14
Q

eukaryotes promoter

A

-tata box
-beta recognition element
-transcription factors to bind promoters
-small subset of bases of chromosomes transcribed
-can use either strand for replication
-oriented 5’ to 3’

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15
Q

bacteria promotor sites

A

2 sites:
-TATAAT (Pribnow box, 10 bases upstream)
-TTGACA (35 bases upstream)
-can be on either strand depending on the gene
-only one strand will be transcribed depending on orientation

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16
Q

strand is recognized by the…

A

the sigma factor

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17
Q

consensus sequences

A

doesn’t have to be exact

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18
Q

Elongation of transcript

A

-DNA template exposed
-CAN start de novo (sigma factor cues it in)

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19
Q

sigma factor

A

-leaves after transcript is initiated
-role is to get promoter recognized
-when released it can become bound to another promoter

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20
Q

how many sigma factors expressed in bacteria

A

they tend to run under the same sigma factor but can express multiple but there is usually 1 main factor

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21
Q

transcription only needs to go…

A

as far as the genes that are needed

22
Q

termination is dictated by

A

DNA sequence (promoter)

23
Q

Two main ways for termination

A
  1. Intrinsic termination
  2. Extrinsic termination
24
Q

intrinsic termination

A

-everything to terminate is already there
-looks for high G-C rich area with inverted repeat followed by a string of adenines
-BOTH of those needed for termination to occur

25
inverted repeats
-want for stabilization -want to fold onto each other -leads to stem loop structur
26
stem loop structure
-interact with RNA polymerase which stalls the RNA polymerase -grabs it then stops it -RNA polymerase hanging on by weak interaction
27
Extrinsic termination method
-requires Rho protein -still contains stem loop structure
28
Rho protein
-bind to RNA message that's being made -binds to rut site
29
rut site
located within the RNA just transcribed
30
Roh protein and stem loop structure
Roh protein interact with stalled RNA polymerase breaking them apart from DNA
31
Prokaryotic mRNA transcript
-pretty simple -polycistronic mRNA
32
polycistronic mRNA
more than 1 gene in each transcript
33
eukaryotic mRNA transcript
monocistronic
34
5' CAP in eukaryotes
7-methylguanosine, helps initiate transcription
35
poly A tail
-at 3' end -ab 200 long, keep getting degraded -for stability (half life)
36
tRNA and mRNA are found
on the same transcript and then cleaved
37
how many RNA polymerases in bacteria
1
38
how many RNA polymerases in eukarya
3
39
how many RNA polymerases in archaea
1
40
composition of RNA polymerase in bacteria
4-5
41
composition of RNA polymerases in eukarya
around 12 +
42
composition of RNA polymerases in archaea
around 11-13
43
recognition of promoter in bacteria
sigma factor
44
recognigtion of promoter in eukarya
many transcription factors
45
recognigtion of promoter in archaea
less transcription factors
46
composition of promoter in bacteria
TATAAT and TTGACA
47
composition of promoter in eukarya
TATA box and B recognigtion
48
composition of promoter in archaea
TATAAT
49
termination of transcription in bacteria
Rho protein
50
termination of transcription in eukarya
termination signal/termination protein
51
termination of transcription in archaea
inverted repeats followed by AT rich sequence OR lack of inverted repeats but contains repeated runs of thymine's **no stem loops -termination protein termed ETA

Microbiology (20 decks)

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