Exam 1 Quiz 1 Flashcards
microbiology
area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification
microbes or microorganisms
bacteria, viruses, protozoa, algae, and fungi
microbes are
tiny living systems (except viruses)
what can microbes do
-metabolize
-reproduce
-differentiate
-communicate
-move
-evolve
microbes metabolism
uptake chemicals from environment and transform within the cell and eliminate wastes
microbes reproduction
chemicals from environment are turned to new cells under the direction of new cells
microbes differentiation
form a new structure as part of a cellular life cycle
microbes communication
interact by chemicals that are released and taken up
microbes movement
self-propulsion
microbes evolution
evolve to display new biological properties and resistant
when did procaryotes appear
3.6 billion years ago
when did eukaryotes appear
1.8 billion years ago
How many microbes cause disease?
2,000 however there are billions of various microbes
ratio of normal cells to bacteria cells in humans
1:10
what percent of bacteria utilize photosynthesis
52%
normal microflora
-not attacked by our immune system
-inhibit pathogenic bacteria from gaining access to our bodies
-digestion
-provide nutrients we cannot make
how can microbes influence human society?
-photosynthesis
-decomposition
-nitrogen cycle
-Regulation of temperature
robert hooke
-wrote micrographia published in 1665
-oxford grad
-fought w/ Newton
-curator of experiments for London
Leeuwenhoek
-daddy of microbio
-homebody fabric merchant
-built single lens microscopes by hand to look at thread counts
-discover first ‘animalcules’
animalcules
little things that moved
leeuwenhoek’s microscope
-built by hand
-single lens
-up to 300x
hooke’s microscope
-up to 30x
-compound microscope
Spontaneous generation theory
-brought up by Aristotle but proven to be incorrect by Francesco Redi in 1668 with his fly experiment
-Idea came back up after Leeuwenhoek found ‘animalcules’
Louie Pasteur
killed spontaneous generation theory once and for all by using a swan neck flask
All contributions from Louie Pasteur
-disproved spontaneous generation
-determined that bacteria were capable of chemical processes
-using heat to sterilize liquids
-discovered attenuation
-created vaccines for cholera, anthrax, and rabies
attenuation
weakened form of a bacteria or virus
Robert Koch
-1800
-proved the germ theory of disease
-german physician
-presented steps ‘postulates’
Koch’s postulates
- same bacteria is present in all cases of disease and not found in healthy people
- suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
- pathogen must be introduced to host and cause the same disease
- pathogen must be reisolated in pure culture
what inspired Koch’s postulates?
Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
problems with first postulate
-carrier/ asymptomatic state
-symptoms w/o pathogen
-bacteria not causing symptoms
-slow growth rate
problems with second postulate
-not all can be grown in pure culture
-hard to replicate specific conditions
-slow growth
problem with third postulate
-not ethical on human
-bacteria require cofactors
-not everything will be infected by same bacteria
Stanley Falcow
extended molecular and genetics into the postulates
potential fifth postulate
show that an antibiotic can inhibit/kill the microorganism
Ignaz Semmelweis
worked with midwives and hospital deliveries and proposed that handwashing prevented the spread on bacteria
Joseph Lister
surgeon who proposed that clean tools should be used during surgeries, used phenol as a anti-microbial agent
Linnaeus
2 classification system; animalia and plantae
Ernst Haeckel
introduced a third kingdom in 1886, adds Protista
electron microscope
-10,000x
-revealed that bacterial cells did not look like other cells (specifically nucleus)
-led to prokaryote and eukaryote classification
Ferdinand Cohn
coined the term bacteria in 1872
Robert H. Whittaker
introduced five kingdom system in 1969: anamalia, plantae, protista, fungi, monera
Carl Woese
-introduced three domain system: bacteria, archaea, and Eukarya
-1970s
-used rRNA
why is rRNA used to compare genes
-universally distributed
-functionally constant
-highly conserved and slow changing
-adequate length
Prokaryote domain
archaea and bacteria
eukaryote domain
eukaryotes
How to write scientific name
Genus name, then species name with first letter in genus name capitalized and all letters in the full name are italicized.
small cells vs large cells
small cells contain more surface area than larger ones, relative to volume
coccus/cocci cells
round cells
diplococcus
2 round cells together
tetrads
4 round cells together
sarcina
8 round cells together
streptococci
chains of round cells
staphylococcus
irregular cluster (grapelike) of round cells
bacilli/bacillus
rod-like cells
diplobacilli
2 rod cells
streptococci
chains of rod cells
spirillum
curvy cells
spirochete cells
tight coils of cells, seen in limes disease and syphilis
filamentous and budding cells
seen in environmental organisms
cell envelope
composed of 2 or 3 layers:
-cell membrane
-cell wall
-outer membrane
peptidoglycan
another name for cell wall
phospholipid
-main structure of cell membrane
-amphipathic
-hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
structure of phospholipid
-fatty acid tail
-head composed of glycerol, phosphate, and a side chain made of two sugars
integral membrane proteins
embedded within the membranes
peripheral membrane proteins
loosely associated with the membrane, external and internal
functions of proteins
-structural support
-detection of environmental symbols
-secretion of virulence factors + communication signals
-ion transport
-energy storage
cholesterol (sterol)
in eukaryote membranes, 4 ring planer structure
hopanoids
in bacteria, planar five-ring structure
Archea membrane structure/lipids
4 isoprenes linked called phytanyl
phytanyl
4 isoprenes linked
what connects phytanyl to glycerol
ether linkages
archaea membrane stability is provided by?
ring structures bound to branched isoprene
lipid-monolayer
in archaea bilayer opens in hit environments and form ones to keep stability
cell membrane functions
-protein anchor
-energy conservation
-permeability barrier
energy production in prokaryotes
cell membrane
energy production in eukaryotes
mitochondria and chloroplasts
diffusion of molecules
passive process, small and uncharged molecules
osmosis
mostly simple diffusion but can increase rate by adding aquaporions
osmotic relationship between cells and environment
determined by the relative concentrations o the solutions on either side
isotonic
equal concentrations inside and outside the cell
hypotonic
higher concentrations inside the cell causes the cell to burst
hypertonic
higher concentrations outside of the cell and causes the cell to lyse
active transport mechanisms
-use energy
-saturation effect
-highly specific
regulated
saturation effect
so many places to bind before a protein stops functioning correctly
Primary transports utilize
ATP
Secondary transports utilize
proton gradients
Antiport
ports where two things are going in opposite directions, ex. Na/K pump
symport
port where both things are going in the same direction, ex. lactose
ABC transporters
ATP-binding cassette, primary active transport
