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Microbiology > Exam 1 Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Quiz 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

microbiology

A

area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification

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2
Q

microbes or microorganisms

A

bacteria, viruses, protozoa, algae, and fungi

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3
Q

microbes are

A

tiny living systems (except viruses)

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4
Q

what can microbes do

A

-metabolize
-reproduce
-differentiate
-communicate
-move
-evolve

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5
Q

microbes metabolism

A

uptake chemicals from environment and transform within the cell and eliminate wastes

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6
Q

microbes reproduction

A

chemicals from environment are turned to new cells under the direction of new cells

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6
Q

microbes differentiation

A

form a new structure as part of a cellular life cycle

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7
Q

microbes communication

A

interact by chemicals that are released and taken up

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8
Q

microbes movement

A

self-propulsion

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9
Q

microbes evolution

A

evolve to display new biological properties and resistant

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10
Q

when did procaryotes appear

A

3.6 billion years ago

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11
Q

when did eukaryotes appear

A

1.8 billion years ago

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12
Q

How many microbes cause disease?

A

2,000 however there are billions of various microbes

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13
Q

ratio of normal cells to bacteria cells in humans

A

1:10

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14
Q

what percent of bacteria utilize photosynthesis

A

52%

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15
Q

normal microflora

A

-not attacked by our immune system
-inhibit pathogenic bacteria from gaining access to our bodies
-digestion
-provide nutrients we cannot make

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16
Q

how can microbes influence human society?

A

-photosynthesis
-decomposition
-nitrogen cycle
-Regulation of temperature

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17
Q

robert hooke

A

-wrote micrographia published in 1665
-oxford grad
-fought w/ Newton
-curator of experiments for London

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18
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

-daddy of microbio
-homebody fabric merchant
-built single lens microscopes by hand to look at thread counts
-discover first ‘animalcules’

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19
Q

animalcules

A

little things that moved

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20
Q

leeuwenhoek’s microscope

A

-built by hand
-single lens
-up to 300x

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21
Q

hooke’s microscope

A

-up to 30x
-compound microscope

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22
Q

Spontaneous generation theory

A

-brought up by Aristotle but proven to be incorrect by Francesco Redi in 1668 with his fly experiment
-Idea came back up after Leeuwenhoek found ‘animalcules’

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23
Q

Louie Pasteur

A

killed spontaneous generation theory once and for all by using a swan neck flask

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24
Q

All contributions from Louie Pasteur

A

-disproved spontaneous generation
-determined that bacteria were capable of chemical processes
-using heat to sterilize liquids
-discovered attenuation
-created vaccines for cholera, anthrax, and rabies

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25
Q

attenuation

A

weakened form of a bacteria or virus

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26
Q

Robert Koch

A

-1800
-proved the germ theory of disease
-german physician
-presented steps ‘postulates’

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27
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  1. same bacteria is present in all cases of disease and not found in healthy people
  2. suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
  3. pathogen must be introduced to host and cause the same disease
  4. pathogen must be reisolated in pure culture
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28
Q

what inspired Koch’s postulates?

A

Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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29
Q

problems with first postulate

A

-carrier/ asymptomatic state
-symptoms w/o pathogen
-bacteria not causing symptoms
-slow growth rate

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30
Q

problems with second postulate

A

-not all can be grown in pure culture
-hard to replicate specific conditions
-slow growth

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31
Q

problem with third postulate

A

-not ethical on human
-bacteria require cofactors
-not everything will be infected by same bacteria

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32
Q

Stanley Falcow

A

extended molecular and genetics into the postulates

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33
Q

potential fifth postulate

A

show that an antibiotic can inhibit/kill the microorganism

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34
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

worked with midwives and hospital deliveries and proposed that handwashing prevented the spread on bacteria

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35
Q

Joseph Lister

A

surgeon who proposed that clean tools should be used during surgeries, used phenol as a anti-microbial agent

36
Q

Linnaeus

A

2 classification system; animalia and plantae

37
Q

Ernst Haeckel

A

introduced a third kingdom in 1886, adds Protista

38
Q

electron microscope

A

-10,000x
-revealed that bacterial cells did not look like other cells (specifically nucleus)
-led to prokaryote and eukaryote classification

39
Q

Ferdinand Cohn

A

coined the term bacteria in 1872

40
Q

Robert H. Whittaker

A

introduced five kingdom system in 1969: anamalia, plantae, protista, fungi, monera

41
Q

Carl Woese

A

-introduced three domain system: bacteria, archaea, and Eukarya
-1970s
-used rRNA

42
Q

why is rRNA used to compare genes

A

-universally distributed
-functionally constant
-highly conserved and slow changing
-adequate length

43
Q

Prokaryote domain

A

archaea and bacteria

44
Q

eukaryote domain

A

eukaryotes

45
Q

How to write scientific name

A

Genus name, then species name with first letter in genus name capitalized and all letters in the full name are italicized.

46
Q

small cells vs large cells

A

small cells contain more surface area than larger ones, relative to volume

47
Q

coccus/cocci cells

A

round cells

48
Q

diplococcus

A

2 round cells together

49
Q

tetrads

A

4 round cells together

50
Q

sarcina

A

8 round cells together

51
Q

streptococci

A

chains of round cells

52
Q

staphylococcus

A

irregular cluster (grapelike) of round cells

53
Q

bacilli/bacillus

A

rod-like cells

54
Q

diplobacilli

A

2 rod cells

55
Q

streptococci

A

chains of rod cells

56
Q

spirillum

A

curvy cells

57
Q

spirochete cells

A

tight coils of cells, seen in limes disease and syphilis

58
Q

filamentous and budding cells

A

seen in environmental organisms

59
Q

cell envelope

A

composed of 2 or 3 layers:
-cell membrane
-cell wall
-outer membrane

60
Q

peptidoglycan

A

another name for cell wall

61
Q

phospholipid

A

-main structure of cell membrane
-amphipathic
-hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

62
Q

structure of phospholipid

A

-fatty acid tail
-head composed of glycerol, phosphate, and a side chain made of two sugars

63
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

embedded within the membranes

64
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

loosely associated with the membrane, external and internal

65
Q

functions of proteins

A

-structural support
-detection of environmental symbols
-secretion of virulence factors + communication signals
-ion transport
-energy storage

66
Q

cholesterol (sterol)

A

in eukaryote membranes, 4 ring planer structure

67
Q

hopanoids

A

in bacteria, planar five-ring structure

68
Q

Archea membrane structure/lipids

A

4 isoprenes linked called phytanyl

69
Q

phytanyl

A

4 isoprenes linked

70
Q

what connects phytanyl to glycerol

A

ether linkages

71
Q

archaea membrane stability is provided by?

A

ring structures bound to branched isoprene

72
Q

lipid-monolayer

A

in archaea bilayer opens in hit environments and form ones to keep stability

73
Q

cell membrane functions

A

-protein anchor
-energy conservation
-permeability barrier

74
Q

energy production in prokaryotes

A

cell membrane

75
Q

energy production in eukaryotes

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

76
Q

diffusion of molecules

A

passive process, small and uncharged molecules

77
Q

osmosis

A

mostly simple diffusion but can increase rate by adding aquaporions

78
Q

osmotic relationship between cells and environment

A

determined by the relative concentrations o the solutions on either side

79
Q

isotonic

A

equal concentrations inside and outside the cell

80
Q

hypotonic

A

higher concentrations inside the cell causes the cell to burst

81
Q

hypertonic

A

higher concentrations outside of the cell and causes the cell to lyse

82
Q

active transport mechanisms

A

-use energy
-saturation effect
-highly specific
regulated

83
Q

saturation effect

A

so many places to bind before a protein stops functioning correctly

84
Q

Primary transports utilize

A

ATP

85
Q

Secondary transports utilize

A

proton gradients

86
Q

Antiport

A

ports where two things are going in opposite directions, ex. Na/K pump

87
Q

symport

A

port where both things are going in the same direction, ex. lactose

88
Q

ABC transporters

A

ATP-binding cassette, primary active transport

Microbiology (20 decks)

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