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Microbiology > Exam 2 Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Quiz 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Small acid soluble proteins (SASP)

A

-core pH is 1 unit lower
-will allow DNA to adopt alpha form
-DNA in a cell is beta form

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2
Q

alpha form

A

wider and more condensed

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3
Q

sporulation

A

vegetative cell spore

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4
Q

Germination

A

-spore to vegetative state (1-2 hours)
-lots of scientists dont understand the process

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5
Q

three stages of germination

A
  1. activation
  2. germination
  3. outgrowth
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6
Q

activation stage

A

-prepares spores for germination
-germination receptors in inner spore membrane looking for amino acids
-signal degradation of dipicolinic acid and CO2
-temp and flexibility: membrane more fluid to allow activation of germination receptors

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7
Q

germination stage

A

-spore swells, spore coat ruptures, release of spore components, loss of resistance
-expression of cortex lytic enzyme (CLE)

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8
Q

cortex lytic enzyme (CLE)

A

complete dehydration of the core

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9
Q

outgrowth stage

A

-makes new cell components and emerges from the remains of the spore
-begin normal rate of metabolism (uses snaps to kickstart)
-external structures degraded
-binary fission

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10
Q

Nutrition

A

the process by which chemical substances called nutrients are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities such as metabolism and growth

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11
Q

two categories of nutrients

A
  1. macronutrients
  2. micronutrients
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12
Q

macronutrients

A

needed in large quantities: C,O,H,N, S, P, K, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, Fe2+, Fe3+

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13
Q

micronutrients

A

needed in small quantities: heavy metals, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu

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14
Q

growth factors

A

organic compounds that are essential cell components or precursor components that cannot be synthesized by the cell
-not considered nutrients

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14
Q

Carbon

A

-makes up 50% of microbes dry weight
-backbone of all macromolecules
-bacteria can be classified based on carbon source

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15
Q

heterotroph

A

-gets C from living organisms
-organic compounds
-amino acids, fatty acids, sugars

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16
Q

autotroph

A

-gets C from environment
-inorganic compounds
-CO2, mineral deposits

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17
Q

Energy

A

-ability to do work
-have three sources of energy

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18
Q

Three sources of energy

A
  1. Organic compounds
  2. chemoorganotrophs
  3. inorganic compounds
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19
Q

chemoorganotrophs

A

-organic compounds
-chemoorganotrophs

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20
Q

Chemolithotrophs

A

-inorganic compounds: H2, H2S, FeSO4, NH4Cl

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21
Q

Phototrophs

A

get their energy from light

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22
Q

two types of energy from phototrophs

A

1.oxygenic photosynthesis
2. Anoxygenic phototsynthesis

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23
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis is used by…

A

Cyanobacteria

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24
Q

Anoxygenic photosynthesis has…

A

no O byproduct

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25
Q

Free energy

A

The energy available to do work, how much energy can be determined by calculating the change in free energy during the reaction

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26
Q

Negative free energy (delta G)

A

reaction releases free energy and is exergonic/catabolic rxn

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27
Q

exergonic

A

release energy

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28
Q

Positive free energy (delta G)

A

reaction requires energy to proceed and is endergonic/anabolic rxn

29
Q

endergonic

A

requires energy, makes something

30
Q

enzymes

A

-allow cell chemical rxns to proceed
-usually protein catalysts

31
Q

catalyst

A

lowers activation energy of rxn and increases rate of rxn

32
Q

how do enzymes lower activation energy

A

-aligns reactive groups
-strain on specific bonds
-creates correct microenvironment

33
Q

substrates brought together with enzyme

A

-lock and key model
-induced fit model

34
Q

what else acts as an enzyme/catalyst?

A

Ribozymes: RNA molecules as enzymes

35
Q

properties on enzymes

A

-increase rxn rates without becoming consumed
-recyclable
-larger in size than substrates
-can be regulated
-affected by temp and pH

36
Q

What do many enzymes contain?

A

nonprotein molecules that participate in catalysis but are not substrates

37
Q

two types of cofactors

A
  1. prosthetic groups
  2. coenzymes
38
Q

prosthetic groups

A

-firmly attached
-typically metal ions

39
Q

coenzymes

A

-loosely attached
-vitamins

40
Q

biochemical principles in all living organisms

A

-catalysis of metabolic reactions by enzymes or ribosomes
-importance of oxidation-reduction rxns to conserve energy
-use of ATP to conserve energy released during most exergonic rxns so it can be sued to drive endergonic rxns
-organization of metabolic rxns into pathways and cycles

41
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

energy is released though the transfer of electrons

42
Q

oxidizes

A

lose electrons

43
Q

reduction

A

gain electrons

44
Q

standard reduction potential

A

equilibrium constant for half reactions, measured in volts

45
Q

negative reaction potential

A

-half reaction more likely to progress backwards
-donor

46
Q

positive reaction potential

A

-half rxn more likely to progress foreword
-acceptor

47
Q

How are the molecules in half reactions written?

A

acceptor (+) / donor (-)

48
Q

what does a large reaction potential mean

A

more free energy is made available

49
Q

equation:

A

delta G = n x f x delta E

50
Q

delta E

A

change in the rxn potential (Volts)

51
Q

n

A

number of electrons

52
Q

F

A

faradys constant (96.5KJ/V)

53
Q

electron carriers

A

-typically loosely linked coenzymes

54
Q

most common coenzyme?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

55
Q

NAD+ has

A

a heteroaromatic ring that accepts protons and electrons more easily

56
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

-ATP
-Primary energy currency of the cell

57
Q

what makes up an energy rich molecule?

A

-must have a change in free energy more exergonic that -30KJ/mol
-phosphoanhydride

58
Q

phosphoanhydride

A

-more energy than phophoester
-energy rich in ATP, ADP, and NOT AMP

59
Q

Thioester bond

A

can be energy rich and seen in coenzyme A

60
Q

Phosphate Level Phosphorylation

A

-needs ATP synthase to do the work

61
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

-catabolic reaction in which organic energy sources are broken down in the presence of oxygen to release energy
-series of three reactions

62
Q

three reactions of aerobic respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. TCA cycle
  3. electron transport chain
63
Q

glycolysis

A

forms two 3-Carbon pyruvate molecules

64
Q

TCA cycle

A

completely breaks down organic compounds releasing CO2

65
Q

Electron transport chain

A

chain of membrane associated electron carriers that receive electrons from reduced carriers generated from glycolysis and TCA and donate them to the final electron acceptors and generate ATP along the way

66
Q

another name for glycolysis

A

-Embden-Meyerhol-Parnas

67
Q

starting compound of glycolysis

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

68
Q

Summary of glycolysis

A

-2 molecules of pyruvate
-4 molecules of ATP are synthesized but 2 molecules were used in the first half so net outcome is net 2 ATP
-2 molecules of NADH

69
Q

alternative to glycolysis

A

-Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

70
Q

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

A

-typically only in bacteria, specifically gram (-) soil microorganisms
-have differences within the first four steps

Microbiology (20 decks)

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