Exam 2 Quiz 2 Flashcards by Bella Forster

Small acid soluble proteins (SASP)

-core pH is 1 unit lower
-will allow DNA to adopt alpha form
-DNA in a cell is beta form

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alpha form

wider and more condensed

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sporulation

vegetative cell spore

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Germination

-spore to vegetative state (1-2 hours)
-lots of scientists dont understand the process

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three stages of germination

activation
germination
outgrowth

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activation stage

-prepares spores for germination
-germination receptors in inner spore membrane looking for amino acids
-signal degradation of dipicolinic acid and CO2
-temp and flexibility: membrane more fluid to allow activation of germination receptors

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germination stage

-spore swells, spore coat ruptures, release of spore components, loss of resistance
-expression of cortex lytic enzyme (CLE)

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cortex lytic enzyme (CLE)

complete dehydration of the core

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outgrowth stage

-makes new cell components and emerges from the remains of the spore
-begin normal rate of metabolism (uses snaps to kickstart)
-external structures degraded
-binary fission

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Nutrition

the process by which chemical substances called nutrients are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities such as metabolism and growth

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two categories of nutrients

macronutrients
micronutrients

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macronutrients

needed in large quantities: C,O,H,N, S, P, K, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, Fe2+, Fe3+

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micronutrients

needed in small quantities: heavy metals, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu

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growth factors

organic compounds that are essential cell components or precursor components that cannot be synthesized by the cell
-not considered nutrients

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Carbon

-makes up 50% of microbes dry weight
-backbone of all macromolecules
-bacteria can be classified based on carbon source

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heterotroph

-gets C from living organisms
-organic compounds
-amino acids, fatty acids, sugars

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autotroph

-gets C from environment
-inorganic compounds
-CO2, mineral deposits

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Energy

-ability to do work
-have three sources of energy

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Three sources of energy

Organic compounds
chemoorganotrophs
inorganic compounds

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chemoorganotrophs

-organic compounds
-chemoorganotrophs

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Chemolithotrophs

-inorganic compounds: H2, H2S, FeSO4, NH4Cl

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Phototrophs

get their energy from light

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two types of energy from phototrophs

1.oxygenic photosynthesis
2. Anoxygenic phototsynthesis

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Oxygenic photosynthesis is used by…

Cyanobacteria

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Anoxygenic photosynthesis has...

no O byproduct

Free energy

The energy available to do work, how much energy can be determined by calculating the change in free energy during the reaction

Negative free energy (delta G)

reaction releases free energy and is exergonic/catabolic rxn

exergonic

release energy

Positive free energy (delta G)

reaction requires energy to proceed and is endergonic/anabolic rxn

endergonic

requires energy, makes something

enzymes

-allow cell chemical rxns to proceed -usually protein catalysts

catalyst

lowers activation energy of rxn and increases rate of rxn

how do enzymes lower activation energy

-aligns reactive groups -strain on specific bonds -creates correct microenvironment

substrates brought together with enzyme

-lock and key model -induced fit model

what else acts as an enzyme/catalyst?

Ribozymes: RNA molecules as enzymes

properties on enzymes

-increase rxn rates without becoming consumed -recyclable -larger in size than substrates -can be regulated -affected by temp and pH

What do many enzymes contain?

nonprotein molecules that participate in catalysis but are not substrates

two types of cofactors

1. prosthetic groups 2. coenzymes

prosthetic groups

-firmly attached -typically metal ions

coenzymes

-loosely attached -vitamins

biochemical principles in all living organisms

-catalysis of metabolic reactions by enzymes or ribosomes -importance of oxidation-reduction rxns to conserve energy -use of ATP to conserve energy released during most exergonic rxns so it can be sued to drive endergonic rxns -organization of metabolic rxns into pathways and cycles

oxidation-reduction reactions

energy is released though the transfer of electrons

oxidizes

lose electrons

reduction

gain electrons

standard reduction potential

equilibrium constant for half reactions, measured in volts

negative reaction potential

-half reaction more likely to progress backwards -donor

positive reaction potential

-half rxn more likely to progress foreword -acceptor

How are the molecules in half reactions written?

acceptor (+) / donor (-)

what does a large reaction potential mean

more free energy is made available

equation:

delta G = n x f x delta E

delta E

change in the rxn potential (Volts)

number of electrons

faradys constant (96.5KJ/V)

electron carriers

-typically loosely linked coenzymes

most common coenzyme?

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

NAD+ has

a heteroaromatic ring that accepts protons and electrons more easily

Adenosine Triphosphate

-ATP -Primary energy currency of the cell

what makes up an energy rich molecule?

-must have a change in free energy more exergonic that -30KJ/mol -phosphoanhydride

phosphoanhydride

-more energy than phophoester -energy rich in ATP, ADP, and NOT AMP

Thioester bond

can be energy rich and seen in coenzyme A

Phosphate Level Phosphorylation

-needs ATP synthase to do the work

Aerobic respiration

-catabolic reaction in which organic energy sources are broken down in the presence of oxygen to release energy -series of three reactions

three reactions of aerobic respiration

1. glycolysis 2. TCA cycle 3. electron transport chain

glycolysis

forms two 3-Carbon pyruvate molecules

TCA cycle

completely breaks down organic compounds releasing CO2

Electron transport chain

chain of membrane associated electron carriers that receive electrons from reduced carriers generated from glycolysis and TCA and donate them to the final electron acceptors and generate ATP along the way

another name for glycolysis

-Embden-Meyerhol-Parnas

starting compound of glycolysis

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Summary of glycolysis

-2 molecules of pyruvate -4 molecules of ATP are synthesized but 2 molecules were used in the first half so net outcome is net 2 ATP -2 molecules of NADH

alternative to glycolysis

-Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

-typically only in bacteria, specifically gram (-) soil microorganisms -have differences within the first four steps