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Microbiology > Final Exam: Exam 1 > Flashcards

Final Exam: Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

A

-handheld microscope
-microscope had one Lens
-300x magnification on microscope

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2
Q

Archaeal cell membranes

A

-hydrocarbon chains linked together via ether linkage
-monolayers formed in microorganisms that live in high temps

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3
Q

bacterial cell membrane

A

-anchor site for many proteins involved in cellular activity
-site of proton motive force
-act as permeability barrier

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4
Q

ABC transport mechanism

A

-only expressed if solute present
-only specific solute/subset will be transported by the transporter
-energy for transport provided by hydrolysis of ATP

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5
Q

group translocation transport

A

group of proteins work together to modify an incoming molecule resulting in sugar traveling down [ ] gradient

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6
Q

TAT system

A

-translocate folded proteins
-Tat A transporter forms after recognition of protein for delivery
-requires proton motive force for energy

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7
Q

Gram staining

A

-primary stain is crystal violet
-decolorizer is only applied for 5 seconds
-safranin will stain microorganisms pink

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8
Q

T/F bacteria and Archaea are more similar to each other than either is to eukarya

A

False

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9
Q

T/F bacterial cells tend to have smaller surface to volume ratio than eukaryotic cells

A

false

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10
Q

T/F if bacterium is not equipped to handle hypotonic environment water will leave the bacterial cell an and cause bacteria to shrivel and die

A

False

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11
Q

T/F fatty acids are found within the cell membrane of all prokaryotes amd eukaryotes

A

false

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12
Q

T/F both the Sec and Tat pathways require an N amino terminal signal peptide for the secretion of proteins

A

True

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13
Q

T/F bacterial flagella are rigid straight structure much like their eukaryotic counterparts

A

False

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14
Q

T/F the MS and C rings found within the basal body of a bacterium flagella have a helical arrangement of negative charges to allow rotation

A

False

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15
Q

Spontaneous generation theory was discovered by

A

Francesco Redi

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16
Q

What experiment was initially able to disprove spontaneous generation theory

A

-flies did not appear in jar when covered w mesh, poked holes, or closed completely
-flies appeared when jar was open

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17
Q

Who finally killed the idea of spontaneous generation theory and how

A

Pasteur, using a swan neck flask and amimacules

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18
Q

Semmelweis

A

observed women who went o midwives to give birth were less likely to get an infection compared to those in the hospital due to contamination and going from patient to patient in hospitals

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18
Q

Two reasons why rRNA worked for sequencing organisms for comparison

A

-universally distributed
-adequate length of reading frame

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18
Q

Woese was able to determine _______ by _______

A

-all living organisms should be classified into 3 domains
-sequencing rRNA

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19
Q

Haeckel

A

proposed 3 kingdom system

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20
Q

Whittaker

A

proposed 5 kingdom classification system

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21
Q

important discovery that lead to the 5 kingdom classification system

A

two different cell types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic, found by using the electron microscope

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22
Q

Falkow

A

development of the molecular Koch’s postulates

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23
Q

what were the molecular koch postulates helpful in determining

A

-genes important for pathogenesis
-creation of some antibiotics

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24
Q

Sarcina

A

round shaped organisms arranged into a makeup of 8 round cells

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25
Q

two other arrangements for cocci organisms

A

streptococci, staphylococci

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26
Q

what adds rigidity to eukaryotic cell membranes

A

sterols

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27
Q

what adds rigidity to prokaryotic cell membranes

A

hopanoids

28
Q

symport and antiport

A

active transporters that use proton gradients to power movement across membrane

29
Q

what adds rigidity to archaeal cell membranes

A

ring structures bound to branched isoprenes

30
Q

siderophores

A

-low molecular weight molecules that are released by many bacteria to acquire iron
-ferrichrome and enterobactin

31
Q

two alternating sugars in peptidoglycan strands

A
  • N-acetylglucosamine
  • N-acetylmuramic acid
32
Q

alternative name for peptidoglycan

A

murein

33
Q

In gram negative organism, what two amino acids are crosslinked and how are they crosslinked

A
  • DAP to D-alanine
  • direct connection
34
Q

Lipoteichoic acids

A

polymers of ribitol or glycerol joined by phosphate group embedded in cell membrane of gram positive microorganisms

35
Q

What is attached to lipoteichoic acids glycerol and ribitol

A

D-alanine

36
Q

braun’s lipoprotein

A

-found in gram - organisms witin the inner leaflet of the outer membrane
-function to form connection between outer mem and peptidoglycan

37
Q

porins are

A

trimeric

38
Q

where are porins found

A

outermembrane of gram - bacteria and create 4 pores

39
Q

T/F porins are the same as aquaporins found in cell mem of many bacterial cells

A

False

40
Q

Lipid A

A

-portion of LPS located within outer leaflet of outer mem
-do not contain glycerol but a disaccharide of glucosamine phosphate

41
Q

glucosamine phosphate connected to core polysaccharide via

A

Ketodeoxyoctanate and 10 sugars

42
Q

final component of LPS molecules

A

O polysaccharide

43
Q

India ink

A

used to visualize capsules

44
Q

fimbrae

A

short, fine, bristle-like appendages that can be found around the perimeter of a bacteria cell

45
Q

pilli

A

elongated tubular structures that transfer genetic material

46
Q

lophotrichous

A

type of polar flagellation where there is a tuft of flagella found at one pole of the cell

47
Q

Koch first postulate and a flaw associated with it

A

-All infected organisms will show signs of infection and it would not be seen in a healthy individual
-flaw: asymptomatic/carrier forms of pathogens

48
Q

T/F robert Koch himself realized that his postulates were flawed

A

true

49
Q

Sec A and SRP int he Sec pathway

A

-Sec A is an external peripheral membrane protein
-SRP is an integral membrane protein

50
Q

How and why are bacterial cells are under more osmotic pressure than eukaryotic cells and why they require envelopes

A

there are no membrane bound organelles

51
Q

How are bacterial cell walls resistant to our prteases

A

bc bacteria alternate between L amino acids and D amino acids and our proteases can only break down L

52
Q

why was penicillin only effective against gram + bacteria when it first came out

A

Penicillin acts in the cell wall and outer membranes are not present in gram + organisms So penicillin ha direct access to the cell wall of the bacteria

53
Q

why is bacterial count and results of blood culture important

A

Gram - release of lipid A

54
Q

What is the decolorizer in a gram stain

A

alcohol with 95% ethanol

55
Q

how will the appropriate amount of decolorizer affect gram positive bacteria

A

in gram + the decolorizer will dehydrate the stain and lock in the purple color

56
Q

what makes cell envelope structure of mycoplasma unique compared to most other bacteria

A

mycoplasmas utilize sterols to add rigidity to their cell membrane because there is no cell wall

57
Q

one difference and one similarity between peptidoglycan of mycobacterium and gram - organisms

A

-both mycobacterium and gram - have a thin peptidoglycan layer
-mycobacterium has a higher degree of crosslinking within peptidoglycan than gram -

58
Q

what is found between peptidoglycan layer and mycomembrane

A

arabinogalactan

59
Q

why do mycobacteria take so long to grow

A

they have mycolic acid in their inner leaflet and phenolic glycolipids in the outer leaflet that forms a very hydrophobic environment, the arabinogalactan forms a dense sugar network as well making it hard to take in nutrients

60
Q

acid-fast staining

A

staining procedure that determines the presence of mycobacteria

61
Q

peptidoglycan glycan sheets

A

-use NAG and NAM
- beta 1,4 glycosidic linkages
-L-ala branches from NAM (see L and D forms of AA)

62
Q

pseudopeptidoglycna glycan sheets

A

-use NAT and NAG
-beta 1,3 glycosidic linkages
-only utilize L forms of the AA

63
Q

what is the most common structure in archaeal cell envelopes

A

S layers

64
Q

Chemoreceptors that recognize nutritional changes will signal to ______ proteins involved in flagellar motion

A

Eli

65
Q

who coined the term cell

A

Hooke

66
Q

who was the first person to use the term bacteria

A

Cohn

67
Q

2 ways that filament of archaellum are different from filament of flagellum

A

-archaeal filament is not hollow, bacterial filament is
-bacteria filament uses flagellin protein, archaeal filament used 7-12 other proteins that arent flagellin

68
Q
A

Microbiology (20 decks)

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