Exam 2 Quiz 1

Question 1

Periplasmic flagella

Answer 1

Spirochetes

Question 2

Spirochetes

Answer 2

-internal flagella
-amphitrichous (corkscrew motility)

Question 3

corkscrew motility

Answer 3

tufts fold back into the live organism, referred to as axial fibril filament

Question 4

cell membrane of periplasmic flagella

Answer 4

has a paraplasmic space

Question 5

gliding motility

Answer 5

• slime secretions of polysaccharides
  -helical intracellular protein track: gliding motors and surface adhesion proteins

Question 6

twitching motility

Answer 6

-type IV fimbriae
-the fimbriae reach out, grab, and contract causing a twitching movement

Question 7

Interaction of bacteria with host cell actin

Answer 7

projects the bacteria into the next cell while evading our immune cells

Question 8

cytoplasm

Answer 8

dense gelatinous solutions compromised mainly of water and supplemented with dissolved gas, amino acids, sugars, and salts

Question 9

Nucleoid

Answer 9

area of the cell where DNA is aggregated/condensed

Question 10

Plasmids

Answer 10

extrachromosomal pieces of DNA

Question 11

Ribosomes

Answer 11

-sites of protein synthesis
-simple internal structures

Question 12

Eukaryotic ribosomes

Answer 12

60S and 40S, overall 80S

Question 13

S in ribosomes

Answer 13

Svedberg unit: sedimentation rate under acceleration

Question 14

Prokaryotic ribosomes

Answer 14

50S and 30S, overall 70S

Question 15

MreB prokaryotes

Answer 15

microfilaments (actin) Eukaryotes

Question 16

FtsZ prokaryotes

Answer 16

microtubules (tubulin) Eukaryotes

Question 17

Crescentin (CreS) prokaryotes

Answer 17

Intermediate filaments eukaryotes

Question 18

Cyanobacteria

Answer 18

phototrophs that produce food and oxygen for marine and freshwater ecosystems

Question 19

phototrophs

Answer 19

make energy from light

Question 20

thylakoids

Answer 20

-absorb light
-folded sheets of membrane packed with chlorophyll and electron carriers

Question 21

Carboxysomes

Answer 21

Polyhedral, protein-covered bodies packed with the enzyme Rubisco

Question 22

Rubisco

Answer 22

CO2 fixation, involved in photosynthesis

Question 23

gas vesicles

Answer 23

involved in floating and allows for some movement

Question 24

where are gas vesicles found

Answer 24

many planktonic bacteria cell walls and are composed of two proteins

Question 25

Two proteins in the cells walls of planktonic

Answer 25

GVpA and GvpC

Question 26

what do GvpA and GvpC form

Answer 26

rigid enclosed cylinder that is impermeable to water but freely permeable to gas

Question 27

upward movement

Answer 27

create gas vesicles to take in the gas

Question 28

downward movement

Answer 28

collapse the gas vesicles

Question 29

Magnetosomes

Answer 29

contain magnetite that confers a magnetic dipole to the bacterial cell -allow bacteria to be pulled along the Earth's magnetic fields **motility more than energy

Question 30

cell inclusions

Answer 30

storage for energy

Question 31

storage bodies

Answer 31

granules of organic or inorganic material that function to store energetic molecules or structural building blocks

Question 32

contents of cell inclusions

Answer 32

-poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid -glycogen -polyphosphate -elemental sulfur

Question 33

poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid

Answer 33

made when cell has high levels of carbon

Question 34

glycogen

Answer 34

made when carbon is in excess

Question 35

elemental sulfur

Answer 35

used for energy

Question 36

Endospores

Answer 36

great means to surviving harsh environments, only in bacteria not in archea -really resistant structures to UV, heat, toxic chemicals -not obligatory

Question 37

two orders of endospores

Answer 37

Bacillales -> Bacillis and Clostridiales -> clostridium

Question 38

Clostridium

Answer 38

-anthrax -canned food

Question 39

what does not obligatory mean

Answer 39

a big trigger due to loss of macronutrient, leads to sporilation

Question 40

structure of endospore from external to internal

Answer 40

-exosporium -spore coats -outer spore membrane -cortex layer -inner spore membrane -core

Question 41

exosporium

Answer 41

thin protein covering bubble wrap

Question 42

spore coats

Answer 42

4-5 protein layer unique to endospores that is resistant and not in vegetative

Question 43

inner spore membrane

Answer 43

cells plasma membrane

Question 44

core

Answer 44

-metabolically inactive -bacteria pushing the level of dormancy to extreme -dehydrated core

Question 45

core dehydration

Answer 45

-dipicolinic acid and calcium ions that function together to suck out moisture -10-25% of water is left

Question 46

Sporulation

Answer 46

-triggered by macronutrient -desiccation more likely -temperature variability -cause the phosphorylation of a sporulation factor

Question 47

phosphorylation of a sporulation factor

Answer 47

-SpoOA -leads to sporulation proceeding -if the bacteria needs nutrients they will kill the neighboring bacteria

Question 48

how do they kill the neighboring bacteria?

Answer 48

secreting a toxic protein that lyses nearby cells in which SpoOA has not been activated

Question 49

what is the toxic protein secreted?

Answer 49

antitoxin protein so the bacteria doesn't lyse

Question 50

what is the purpose of sporulation?

Answer 50

asymmetric cell division

Question 51

asymmetric cell division gives rise to

Answer 51

prespore and mother cell

Question 52

mother cell

Answer 52

engulfs/hugs prespore and then leaves outer membrane